doc: document that 'openssl rand' is cryptographically secure

[openssl.git] / doc / man1 / openssl-cms.pod.in

=pod
{- OpenSSL::safe::output_do_not_edit_headers(); -}

=head1 NAME

openssl-cms - CMS utility

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<openssl> B<cms>
[B<-help>]
[B<-encrypt>]
[B<-decrypt>]
[B<-debug_decrypt>]
[B<-sign>]
[B<-verify>]
[B<-verify_retcode>]
[B<-no_attr_verify>]
[B<-nosigs>]
[B<-no_content_verify>]
[B<-cmsout>]
[B<-resign>]
[B<-cades>]
[B<-data_create>]
[B<-data_out>]
[B<-digest_create>]
[B<-digest_verify>]
[B<-compress>]
[B<-uncompress>]
[B<-EncryptedData_decrypt>]
[B<-EncryptedData_encrypt>]
[B<-sign_receipt>]
[B<-verify_receipt> I<receipt>]
[B<-in> I<filename>]
[B<-out> I<filename>]
[B<-inform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>]
[B<-outform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>]
[B<-rctform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>]
[B<-keyform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<ENGINE>]
[B<-stream>]
[B<-indef>]
[B<-noindef>]
[B<-content> I<filename>]
[B<-text>]
[B<-noout>]
[B<-print>]
[B<-md> I<digest>]
[B<-I<cipher>>]
[B<-nointern>]
[B<-noverify>]
[B<-nocerts>]
[B<-noattr>]
[B<-nosmimecap>]
[B<-binary>]
[B<-crlfeol>]
[B<-asciicrlf>]
[B<-nodetach>]
[B<-certfile> I<file>]
[B<-certsout> I<file>]
[B<-signer> I<file>]
[B<-recip> I<file>]
[B<-keyid>]
[B<-receipt_request_all>]
[B<-receipt_request_first>]
[B<-receipt_request_from> I<emailaddress>]
[B<-receipt_request_to> I<emailaddress>]
[B<-receipt_request_print>]
[B<-pwri_password> I<password>]
[B<-secretkey> I<key>]
[B<-secretkeyid> I<id>]
[B<-econtent_type> I<type>]
[B<-inkey> I<file>]
[B<-keyopt> I<name>:I<parameter>]
[B<-passin> I<arg>]
[B<-to> I<addr>]
[B<-from> I<addr>]
[B<-subject> I<subj>]
{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_v_synopsis -}
{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_trust_synopsis -}
{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_synopsis -}
{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_engine_synopsis -}
[I<cert.pem> ...]

=for openssl ifdef des-wrap engine

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This command handles S/MIME v3.1 mail. It can encrypt, decrypt,
sign and verify, compress and uncompress S/MIME messages.

=head1 OPTIONS

There are fourteen operation options that set the type of operation to be
performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation
type.

=over 4

=item B<-help>

Print out a usage message.

=item B<-encrypt>

Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message
to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in MIME format. The
actual CMS type is <B>EnvelopedData<B>.

Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that
key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text.

=item B<-decrypt>

Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an
encrypted mail message in MIME format for the input file. The decrypted mail
is written to the output file.

=item B<-debug_decrypt>

This option sets the B<CMS_DEBUG_DECRYPT> flag. This option should be used
with caution: see the notes section below.

=item B<-sign>

Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is
the message to be signed. The signed message in MIME format is written
to the output file.

=item B<-verify>

Verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs
the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported.

=item B<-verify_retcode>

Exit nonzero on verification failure.

=item B<-no_attr_verify>

Do not verify signed attribute signatures.

=item B<-no_content_verify>

Do not verify signed content signatures.

=item B<-nosigs>

Don't verify message signature.

=item B<-cmsout>

Takes an input message and writes out a PEM encoded CMS structure.

=item B<-resign>

Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers.

=item B<-cades>

Add an ESS signing-certificate or ESS signing-certificate-v2 signed-attribute to the SignerInfo, in order to make
the signature comply with the requirements for a CAdES Basic Electronic Signature (CAdES-BES). See the NOTES
section for more details.

=item B<-data_create>

Create a CMS B<Data> type.

=item B<-data_out>

B<Data> type and output the content.

=item B<-digest_create>

Create a CMS B<DigestedData> type.

=item B<-digest_verify>

Verify a CMS B<DigestedData> type and output the content.

=item B<-compress>

Create a CMS B<CompressedData> type. OpenSSL must be compiled with B<zlib>
support for this option to work, otherwise it will output an error.

=item B<-uncompress>

Uncompress a CMS B<CompressedData> type and output the content. OpenSSL must be
compiled with B<zlib> support for this option to work, otherwise it will
output an error.

=item B<-EncryptedData_decrypt>

Decrypt content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a CMS
B<EncryptedData> type and output the content.

=item B<-EncryptedData_encrypt>

Encrypt content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a CMS
B<EncryptedData> type and output the content.

=item B<-sign_receipt>

Generate and output a signed receipt for the supplied message. The input
message B<must> contain a signed receipt request. Functionality is otherwise
similar to the B<-sign> operation.

=item B<-verify_receipt> I<receipt>

Verify a signed receipt in filename B<receipt>. The input message B<must>
contain the original receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar
to the B<-verify> operation.

=item B<-in> I<filename>

The input message to be encrypted or signed or the message to be decrypted
or verified.

=item B<-out> I<filename>

The message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output MIME
format message that has been signed or verified.

=item B<-inform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>

The input format of the CMS structure (if one is being read);
the default is B<SMIME>.
See L<openssl(1)/Format Options> for details.

=item B<-outform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>

The output format of the CMS structure (if one is being written);
the default is B<SMIME>.
See L<openssl(1)/Format Options> for details.

=item B<-keyform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<ENGINE>

The format of the private key file; the default is B<PEM>.
See L<openssl(1)/Format Options> for details.

=item B<-rctform> B<DER>|B<PEM>|B<SMIME>

The signed receipt format for use with the B<-receipt_verify>; the default
is B<SMIME>.
See L<openssl(1)/Format Options> for details.

=item B<-stream>, B<-indef>

The B<-stream> and B<-indef> options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O
for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without
the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very
large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached
data if the output format is B<SMIME> it is currently off by default for all
other operations.

=item B<-noindef>

Disable streaming I/O where it would produce and indefinite length constructed
encoding. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be
enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it.

=item B<-content> I<filename>

This specifies a file containing the detached content, this is only
useful with the B<-verify> command. This is only usable if the CMS
structure is using the detached signature form where the content is
not included. This option will override any content if the input format
is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed MIME content type.

=item B<-text>

This option adds plain text (text/plain) MIME headers to the supplied
message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying it strips
off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of MIME
type text/plain then an error occurs.

=item B<-noout>

For the B<-cmsout> operation do not output the parsed CMS structure. This
is useful when combined with the B<-print> option or if the syntax of the CMS
structure is being checked.

=item B<-print>

For the B<-cmsout> operation print out all fields of the CMS structure. This
is mainly useful for testing purposes.

=item B<-md> I<digest>

Digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the
default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually SHA1).

=item B<-I<cipher>>

The encryption algorithm to use. For example triple DES (168 bits) - B<-des3>
or 256 bit AES - B<-aes256>. Any standard algorithm name (as used by the
EVP_get_cipherbyname() function) can also be used preceded by a dash, for
example B<-aes-128-cbc>. See L<openssl-enc(1)> for a list of ciphers
supported by your version of OpenSSL.

If not specified triple DES is used. Only used with B<-encrypt> and
B<-EncryptedData_create> commands.

=item B<-nointern>

When verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in
the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option
only the certificates specified in the B<-certfile> option are used.
The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however.

=item B<-noverify>

Do not verify the signers certificate of a signed message.

=item B<-nocerts>

When signing a message the signer's certificate is normally included
with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the
signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signers certificate
available locally (passed using the B<-certfile> option for example).

=item B<-noattr>

Normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which
include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this
option they are not included.

=item B<-nosmimecap>

Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes, other options
such as signing time and content type are still included.

=item B<-binary>

Normally the input message is converted to "canonical" format which is
effectively using CR and LF as end of line: as required by the S/MIME
specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This
is useful when handling binary data which may not be in MIME format.

=item B<-crlfeol>

Normally the output file uses a single B<LF> as end of line. When this
option is present B<CRLF> is used instead.

=item B<-asciicrlf>

When signing use ASCII CRLF format canonicalisation. This strips trailing
whitespace from all lines, deletes trailing blank lines at EOF and sets
the encapsulated content type. This option is normally used with detached
content and an output signature format of DER. This option is not normally
needed when verifying as it is enabled automatically if the encapsulated
content format is detected.

=item B<-nodetach>

When signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant
to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that
do not support S/MIME.  Without this option cleartext signing with
the MIME type multipart/signed is used.

=item B<-certfile> I<file>

Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing these will
be included with the message. When verifying these will be searched for
the signers certificates. The certificates should be in PEM format.

=item B<-certsout> I<file>

Any certificates contained in the message are written to I<file>.

=item B<-signer> I<file>

A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message, this option can be
used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being
verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the
verification was successful.

=item B<-recip> I<file>

When decrypting a message this specifies the recipients certificate. The
certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error
occurs.

When encrypting a message this option may be used multiple times to specify
each recipient. This form B<must> be used if customised parameters are
required (for example to specify RSA-OAEP).

Only certificates carrying RSA, Diffie-Hellman or EC keys are supported by this
option.

=item B<-keyid>

Use subject key identifier to identify certificates instead of issuer name and
serial number. The supplied certificate B<must> include a subject key
identifier extension. Supported by B<-sign> and B<-encrypt> options.

=item B<-receipt_request_all>, B<-receipt_request_first>

For B<-sign> option include a signed receipt request. Indicate requests should
be provided by all recipient or first tier recipients (those mailed directly
and not from a mailing list). Ignored it B<-receipt_request_from> is included.

=item B<-receipt_request_from> I<emailaddress>

For B<-sign> option include a signed receipt request. Add an explicit email
address where receipts should be supplied.

=item B<-receipt_request_to> I<emailaddress>

Add an explicit email address where signed receipts should be sent to. This
option B<must> but supplied if a signed receipt it requested.

=item B<-receipt_request_print>

For the B<-verify> operation print out the contents of any signed receipt
requests.

=item B<-pwri_password> I<password>

Specify password for recipient.

=item B<-secretkey> I<key>

Specify symmetric key to use. The key must be supplied in hex format and be
consistent with the algorithm used. Supported by the B<-EncryptedData_encrypt>
B<-EncryptedData_decrypt>, B<-encrypt> and B<-decrypt> options. When used
with B<-encrypt> or B<-decrypt> the supplied key is used to wrap or unwrap the
content encryption key using an AES key in the B<KEKRecipientInfo> type.

=item B<-secretkeyid> I<id>

The key identifier for the supplied symmetric key for B<KEKRecipientInfo> type.
This option B<must> be present if the B<-secretkey> option is used with
B<-encrypt>. With B<-decrypt> operations the I<id> is used to locate the
relevant key if it is not supplied then an attempt is used to decrypt any
B<KEKRecipientInfo> structures.

=item B<-econtent_type> I<type>

Set the encapsulated content type to I<type> if not supplied the B<Data> type
is used. The I<type> argument can be any valid OID name in either text or
numerical format.

=item B<-inkey> I<file>

The private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the
corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the
private key must be included in the certificate file specified with
the B<-recip> or B<-signer> file. When signing this option can be used
multiple times to specify successive keys.

=item B<-keyopt> I<name>:I<parameter>

For signing and encryption this option can be used multiple times to
set customised parameters for the preceding key or certificate. It can
currently be used to set RSA-PSS for signing, RSA-OAEP for encryption
or to modify default parameters for ECDH.

=item B<-passin> I<arg>

The private key password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
see L<openssl(1)/Pass Phrase Options>.

=item B<-to>, B<-from>, B<-subject>

The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed
portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing
then many S/MIME mail clients check the signers certificate's email
address matches that specified in the From: address.

{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_v_item -}

Any verification errors cause the command to exit.

{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_trust_item -}

{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_r_item -}

{- $OpenSSL::safe::opt_engine_item -}

=item I<cert.pem> ...

One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting
a message.

=back

=head1 NOTES

The MIME message must be sent without any blank lines between the
headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add
a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to
achieve the correct format.

The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the
necessary MIME headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it
properly (if at all). You can use the B<-text> option to automatically
add plain text headers.

A "signed and encrypted" message is one where a signed message is
then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed
message: see the examples section.

This version of the program only allows one signer per message but it
will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients
choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign
messages "in parallel" by signing an already signed message.

The options B<-encrypt> and B<-decrypt> reflect common usage in S/MIME
clients. Strictly speaking these process CMS enveloped data: CMS
encrypted data is used for other purposes.

The B<-resign> option uses an existing message digest when adding a new
signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing
signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail.

The B<-stream> and B<-indef> options enable streaming I/O support.
As a result the encoding is BER using indefinite length constructed encoding
and no longer DER. Streaming is supported for the B<-encrypt> operation and the
B<-sign> operation if the content is not detached.

Streaming is always used for the B<-sign> operation with detached data but
since the content is no longer part of the CMS structure the encoding
remains DER.

If the B<-decrypt> option is used without a recipient certificate then an
attempt is made to locate the recipient by trying each potential recipient
in turn using the supplied private key. To thwart the MMA attack
(Bleichenbacher's attack on PKCS #1 v1.5 RSA padding) all recipients are
tried whether they succeed or not and if no recipients match the message
is "decrypted" using a random key which will typically output garbage.
The B<-debug_decrypt> option can be used to disable the MMA attack protection
and return an error if no recipient can be found: this option should be used
with caution. For a fuller description see L<CMS_decrypt(3)>).

=head1 CADES BASIC ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE (CADES-BES)

A CAdES Basic Electronic Signature (CAdES-BES), as defined in the European Standard ETSI EN 319 122-1 V1.1.1, contains:

=over 4

=item *

The signed user data as defined in CMS (RFC 3852);

=item *

Content-type of the EncapsulatedContentInfo value being signed;

=item *

Message-digest of the eContent OCTET STRING within encapContentInfo being signed;

=item *

An ESS signing-certificate or ESS signing-certificate-v2 attribute, as defined in Enhanced Security Services (ESS), RFC 2634 and RFC 5035.
An ESS signing-certificate attribute only allows for the use of SHA-1 as a digest algorithm.
An ESS signing-certificate-v2 attribute allows for the use of any digest algorithm.

=item *

The digital signature value computed on the user data and, when present, on the signed attributes.

Note that currently the B<-cades> option applies only to the B<-sign> operation and is ignored during
the B<-verify> operation, i.e. the signing certification is not checked during the verification process.
This feature might be added in a future version.

=back

=head1 EXIT CODES

=over 4

=item Z<>0

The operation was completely successfully.

=item Z<>1

An error occurred parsing the command options.

=item Z<>2

One of the input files could not be read.

=item Z<>3

An error occurred creating the CMS file or when reading the MIME
message.

=item Z<>4

An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.

=item Z<>5

The message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out
the signers certificates.

=back

=head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH PKCS#7 FORMAT

L<openssl-smime(1)> can only process the older B<PKCS#7> format.
B<openssl cms> supports Cryptographic Message Syntax format.
Use of some features will result in messages which cannot be processed by
applications which only support the older format. These are detailed below.

The use of the B<-keyid> option with B<-sign> or B<-encrypt>.

The B<-outform> I<PEM> option uses different headers.

The B<-compress> option.

The B<-secretkey> option when used with B<-encrypt>.

The use of PSS with B<-sign>.

The use of OAEP or non-RSA keys with B<-encrypt>.

Additionally the B<-EncryptedData_create> and B<-data_create> type cannot
be processed by the older L<openssl-smime(1)> command.

=head1 EXAMPLES

Create a cleartext signed message:

 openssl cms -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \
        -signer mycert.pem

Create an opaque signed message

 openssl cms -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg -nodetach \
        -signer mycert.pem

Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and
read the private key from another file:

 openssl cms -sign -in in.txt -text -out mail.msg \
        -signer mycert.pem -inkey mykey.pem -certfile mycerts.pem

Create a signed message with two signers, use key identifier:

 openssl cms -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \
        -signer mycert.pem -signer othercert.pem -keyid

Send a signed message under Unix directly to sendmail, including headers:

 openssl cms -sign -in in.txt -text -signer mycert.pem \
        -from steve@openssl.org -to someone@somewhere \
        -subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere

Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful:

 openssl cms -verify -in mail.msg -signer user.pem -out signedtext.txt

Send encrypted mail using triple DES:

 openssl cms -encrypt -in in.txt -from steve@openssl.org \
        -to someone@somewhere -subject "Encrypted message" \
        -des3 user.pem -out mail.msg

Sign and encrypt mail:

 openssl cms -sign -in ml.txt -signer my.pem -text \
        | openssl cms -encrypt -out mail.msg \
        -from steve@openssl.org -to someone@somewhere \
        -subject "Signed and Encrypted message" -des3 user.pem

Note: the encryption command does not include the B<-text> option because the
message being encrypted already has MIME headers.

Decrypt mail:

 openssl cms -decrypt -in mail.msg -recip mycert.pem -inkey key.pem

The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the
detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the
signature by line wrapping the base64 encoded structure and surrounding
it with:

 -----BEGIN PKCS7-----
 -----END PKCS7-----

and using the command,

 openssl cms -verify -inform PEM -in signature.pem -content content.txt

alternatively you can base64 decode the signature and use

 openssl cms -verify -inform DER -in signature.der -content content.txt

Create an encrypted message using 128 bit Camellia:

 openssl cms -encrypt -in plain.txt -camellia128 -out mail.msg cert.pem

Add a signer to an existing message:

 openssl cms -resign -in mail.msg -signer newsign.pem -out mail2.msg

Sign mail using RSA-PSS:

 openssl cms -sign -in message.txt -text -out mail.msg \
        -signer mycert.pem -keyopt rsa_padding_mode:pss

Create encrypted mail using RSA-OAEP:

 openssl cms -encrypt -in plain.txt -out mail.msg \
        -recip cert.pem -keyopt rsa_padding_mode:oaep

Use SHA256 KDF with an ECDH certificate:

 openssl cms -encrypt -in plain.txt -out mail.msg \
        -recip ecdhcert.pem -keyopt ecdh_kdf_md:sha256

=head1 BUGS

The MIME parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've
thrown at it but it may choke on others.

The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if
the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually
extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct
encryption certificate.

Ideally a database should be maintained of a certificates for each email
address.

The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption
algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. this means the
user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store
the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those.

No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<ossl_store-file(7)>

=head1 HISTORY

The use of multiple B<-signer> options and the B<-resign> command were first
added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.

The B<-keyopt> option was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.

Support for RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.

The use of non-RSA keys with B<-encrypt> and B<-decrypt>
was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.

The -no_alt_chains option was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2b.

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2008-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

=cut