6 PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey_ex, PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey,
7 PEM_read_PrivateKey_ex, PEM_read_PrivateKey,
8 PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_ex, PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey,
9 PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional,
10 PEM_write_PrivateKey_ex, PEM_write_PrivateKey,
11 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey, PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey,
12 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid, PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid,
13 PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY_ex, PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY,
14 PEM_read_PUBKEY_ex, PEM_read_PUBKEY,
15 PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY_ex, PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY,
16 PEM_write_PUBKEY_ex, PEM_write_PUBKEY,
17 PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey, PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey,
18 PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey, PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey,
19 PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey, PEM_read_RSAPublicKey, PEM_write_bio_RSAPublicKey,
20 PEM_write_RSAPublicKey, PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_RSA_PUBKEY,
21 PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY, PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey,
22 PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey, PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey, PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey,
23 PEM_read_bio_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_write_bio_DSA_PUBKEY,
24 PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_bio_Parameters_ex, PEM_read_bio_Parameters,
25 PEM_write_bio_Parameters, PEM_read_bio_DSAparams, PEM_read_DSAparams,
26 PEM_write_bio_DSAparams, PEM_write_DSAparams, PEM_read_bio_DHparams,
27 PEM_read_DHparams, PEM_write_bio_DHparams, PEM_write_DHparams,
28 PEM_read_bio_X509, PEM_read_X509, PEM_write_bio_X509, PEM_write_X509,
29 PEM_read_bio_X509_ACERT, PEM_read_X509_ACERT,
30 PEM_write_bio_X509_ACERT, PEM_write_X509_ACERT,
31 PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX, PEM_read_X509_AUX, PEM_write_bio_X509_AUX,
32 PEM_write_X509_AUX, PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ, PEM_read_X509_REQ,
33 PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ, PEM_write_X509_REQ, PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ_NEW,
34 PEM_write_X509_REQ_NEW, PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL, PEM_read_X509_CRL,
35 PEM_write_bio_X509_CRL, PEM_write_X509_CRL, PEM_read_bio_PKCS7, PEM_read_PKCS7,
36 PEM_write_bio_PKCS7, PEM_write_PKCS7 - PEM routines
40 #include <openssl/pem.h>
42 typedef int pem_password_cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u);
44 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey_ex(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
45 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u,
46 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
47 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
48 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
49 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PrivateKey_ex(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x, pem_password_cb *cb,
50 void *u, OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx,
52 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x,
53 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
54 int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_ex(BIO *bp, const EVP_PKEY *x,
55 const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
56 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
57 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u,
58 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
59 int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey(BIO *bp, const EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
60 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
61 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
62 int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x,
63 const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
64 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
65 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
66 int PEM_write_PrivateKey_ex(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
67 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
68 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u,
69 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
70 int PEM_write_PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
71 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
72 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
73 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
75 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
76 int PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
78 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
79 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid(BIO *bp, const EVP_PKEY *x, int nid,
81 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
82 int PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid(FILE *fp, const EVP_PKEY *x, int nid,
84 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
86 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY_ex(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
87 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u,
88 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
89 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
90 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
91 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PUBKEY_ex(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x,
92 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u,
93 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
94 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x,
95 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
96 int PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY_ex(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x,
97 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
98 int PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x);
99 int PEM_write_PUBKEY_ex(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x,
100 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
101 int PEM_write_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x);
103 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_Parameters_ex(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
104 OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
105 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_Parameters(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x);
106 int PEM_write_bio_Parameters(BIO *bp, const EVP_PKEY *x);
108 X509 *PEM_read_bio_X509(BIO *bp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
109 X509 *PEM_read_X509(FILE *fp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
110 int PEM_write_bio_X509(BIO *bp, X509 *x);
111 int PEM_write_X509(FILE *fp, X509 *x);
113 X509_ACERT *PEM_read_bio_X509_ACERT(BIO *bp, X509_ACERT **x,
114 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
115 X509_ACERT *PEM_read_X509_ACERT(FILE *fp, X509_ACERT **x,
116 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
117 int PEM_write_bio_X509_ACERT(BIO *bp, X509_ACERT *x);
118 int PEM_write_X509_ACERT(FILE *fp, X509_ACERT *x);
120 X509 *PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(BIO *bp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
121 X509 *PEM_read_X509_AUX(FILE *fp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
122 int PEM_write_bio_X509_AUX(BIO *bp, X509 *x);
123 int PEM_write_X509_AUX(FILE *fp, X509 *x);
125 X509_REQ *PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ(BIO *bp, X509_REQ **x,
126 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
127 X509_REQ *PEM_read_X509_REQ(FILE *fp, X509_REQ **x,
128 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
129 int PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ(BIO *bp, X509_REQ *x);
130 int PEM_write_X509_REQ(FILE *fp, X509_REQ *x);
131 int PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ_NEW(BIO *bp, X509_REQ *x);
132 int PEM_write_X509_REQ_NEW(FILE *fp, X509_REQ *x);
134 X509_CRL *PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(BIO *bp, X509_CRL **x,
135 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
136 X509_CRL *PEM_read_X509_CRL(FILE *fp, X509_CRL **x,
137 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
138 int PEM_write_bio_X509_CRL(BIO *bp, X509_CRL *x);
139 int PEM_write_X509_CRL(FILE *fp, X509_CRL *x);
141 PKCS7 *PEM_read_bio_PKCS7(BIO *bp, PKCS7 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
142 PKCS7 *PEM_read_PKCS7(FILE *fp, PKCS7 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
143 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS7(BIO *bp, PKCS7 *x);
144 int PEM_write_PKCS7(FILE *fp, PKCS7 *x);
146 The following functions have been deprecated since OpenSSL 3.0, and can be
147 hidden entirely by defining B<OPENSSL_API_COMPAT> with a suitable version value,
148 see L<openssl_user_macros(7)>:
150 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
151 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
152 RSA *PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
153 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
154 int PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, RSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
155 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
156 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
157 int PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, RSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
158 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
159 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
161 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
162 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
163 RSA *PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
164 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
165 int PEM_write_bio_RSAPublicKey(BIO *bp, RSA *x);
166 int PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(FILE *fp, RSA *x);
168 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
169 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
170 RSA *PEM_read_RSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
171 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
172 int PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, RSA *x);
173 int PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, RSA *x);
175 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, DSA **x,
176 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
177 DSA *PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, DSA **x,
178 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
179 int PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, DSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
180 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
181 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
182 int PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, DSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
183 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
184 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
186 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, DSA **x,
187 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
188 DSA *PEM_read_DSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, DSA **x,
189 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
190 int PEM_write_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, DSA *x);
191 int PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, DSA *x);
192 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSAparams(BIO *bp, DSA **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
193 DSA *PEM_read_DSAparams(FILE *fp, DSA **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
194 int PEM_write_bio_DSAparams(BIO *bp, DSA *x);
195 int PEM_write_DSAparams(FILE *fp, DSA *x);
197 DH *PEM_read_bio_DHparams(BIO *bp, DH **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
198 DH *PEM_read_DHparams(FILE *fp, DH **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
199 int PEM_write_bio_DHparams(BIO *bp, DH *x);
200 int PEM_write_DHparams(FILE *fp, DH *x);
204 All of the functions described on this page that have a I<TYPE> of B<DH>, B<DSA>
205 and B<RSA> are deprecated. Applications should use L<OSSL_ENCODER_to_bio(3)> and
206 L<OSSL_DECODER_from_bio(3)> instead.
208 The PEM functions read or write structures in PEM format. In
209 this sense PEM format is simply base64 encoded data surrounded
212 For more details about the meaning of arguments see the
213 B<PEM FUNCTION ARGUMENTS> section.
215 Each operation has four functions associated with it. For
216 brevity the term "B<I<TYPE>> functions" will be used below to collectively
217 refer to the B<PEM_read_bio_I<TYPE>>(), B<PEM_read_I<TYPE>>(),
218 B<PEM_write_bio_I<TYPE>>(), and B<PEM_write_I<TYPE>>() functions.
220 Some operations have additional variants that take a library context I<libctx>
221 and a property query string I<propq>. The B<X509>, B<X509_REQ> and B<X509_CRL>
222 objects may have an associated library context or property query string but
223 there are no variants of these functions that take a library context or property
224 query string parameter. In this case it is possible to set the appropriate
225 library context or property query string by creating an empty B<X509>,
226 B<X509_REQ> or B<X509_CRL> object using L<X509_new_ex(3)>, L<X509_REQ_new_ex(3)>
227 or L<X509_CRL_new_ex(3)> respectively. Then pass the empty object as a parameter
228 to the relevant PEM function. See the L</EXAMPLES> section below.
230 The B<PrivateKey> functions read or write a private key in PEM format using
231 an EVP_PKEY structure. The write routines use PKCS#8 private key format and are
232 equivalent to PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(). The read functions transparently
233 handle traditional and PKCS#8 format encrypted and unencrypted keys.
235 PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional() writes out a private key in the
236 "traditional" format with a simple private key marker and should only
237 be used for compatibility with legacy programs.
239 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey() and PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey() write a private
240 key in an EVP_PKEY structure in PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo format using
241 PKCS#5 v2.0 password based encryption algorithms. The I<cipher> argument
242 specifies the encryption algorithm to use: unlike some other PEM routines the
243 encryption is applied at the PKCS#8 level and not in the PEM headers. If
244 I<cipher> is NULL then no encryption is used and a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo
245 structure is used instead.
247 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid() and PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid()
248 also write out a private key as a PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo however
249 it uses PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 encryption algorithms instead. The algorithm
250 to use is specified in the I<nid> parameter and should be the NID of the
251 corresponding OBJECT IDENTIFIER (see NOTES section).
253 The B<PUBKEY> functions process a public key using an EVP_PKEY
254 structure. The public key is encoded as a SubjectPublicKeyInfo
257 The B<RSAPrivateKey> functions process an RSA private key using an
258 RSA structure. The write routines uses traditional format. The read
259 routines handles the same formats as the B<PrivateKey>
260 functions but an error occurs if the private key is not RSA.
262 The B<RSAPublicKey> functions process an RSA public key using an
263 RSA structure. The public key is encoded using a PKCS#1 RSAPublicKey
266 The B<RSA_PUBKEY> functions also process an RSA public key using
267 an RSA structure. However, the public key is encoded using a
268 SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure and an error occurs if the public
271 The B<DSAPrivateKey> functions process a DSA private key using a
272 DSA structure. The write routines uses traditional format. The read
273 routines handles the same formats as the B<PrivateKey>
274 functions but an error occurs if the private key is not DSA.
276 The B<DSA_PUBKEY> functions process a DSA public key using
277 a DSA structure. The public key is encoded using a
278 SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure and an error occurs if the public
281 The B<Parameters> functions read or write key parameters in PEM format using
282 an EVP_PKEY structure. The encoding depends on the type of key; for DSA key
283 parameters, it will be a Dss-Parms structure as defined in RFC2459, and for DH
284 key parameters, it will be a PKCS#3 DHparameter structure. I<These functions
285 only exist for the B<BIO> type>.
287 The B<DSAparams> functions process DSA parameters using a DSA
288 structure. The parameters are encoded using a Dss-Parms structure
289 as defined in RFC2459.
291 The B<DHparams> functions process DH parameters using a DH
292 structure. The parameters are encoded using a PKCS#3 DHparameter
295 The B<X509> functions process an X509 certificate using an X509
296 structure. They will also process a trusted X509 certificate but
297 any trust settings are discarded.
299 The B<X509_ACERT> functions process an X509 attribute certificate using
300 an X509_ACERT structure.
302 The B<X509_AUX> functions process a trusted X509 certificate using
305 The B<X509_REQ> and B<X509_REQ_NEW> functions process a PKCS#10
306 certificate request using an X509_REQ structure. The B<X509_REQ>
307 write functions use B<CERTIFICATE REQUEST> in the header whereas
308 the B<X509_REQ_NEW> functions use B<NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST>
309 (as required by some CAs). The B<X509_REQ> read functions will
310 handle either form so there are no B<X509_REQ_NEW> read functions.
312 The B<X509_CRL> functions process an X509 CRL using an X509_CRL
315 The B<PKCS7> functions process a PKCS#7 ContentInfo using a PKCS7
318 =head1 PEM FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
320 The PEM functions have many common arguments.
322 The I<bp> BIO parameter (if present) specifies the BIO to read from
325 The I<fp> FILE parameter (if present) specifies the FILE pointer to
326 read from or write to.
328 The PEM read functions all take an argument I<B<TYPE> **x> and return
329 a I<B<TYPE> *> pointer. Where I<B<TYPE>> is whatever structure the function
330 uses. If I<x> is NULL then the parameter is ignored. If I<x> is not
331 NULL but I<*x> is NULL then the structure returned will be written
332 to I<*x>. If neither I<x> nor I<*x> is NULL then an attempt is made
333 to reuse the structure at I<*x> (but see BUGS and EXAMPLES sections).
334 Irrespective of the value of I<x> a pointer to the structure is always
335 returned (or NULL if an error occurred).
337 The PEM functions which write private keys take an I<enc> parameter
338 which specifies the encryption algorithm to use, encryption is done
339 at the PEM level. If this parameter is set to NULL then the private
340 key is written in unencrypted form.
342 The I<cb> argument is the callback to use when querying for the pass
343 phrase used for encrypted PEM structures (normally only private keys).
345 For the PEM write routines if the I<kstr> parameter is not NULL then
346 I<klen> bytes at I<kstr> are used as the passphrase and I<cb> is
349 If the I<cb> parameters is set to NULL and the I<u> parameter is not
350 NULL then the I<u> parameter is interpreted as a NUL terminated string
351 to use as the passphrase. If both I<cb> and I<u> are NULL then the
352 default callback routine is used which will typically prompt for the
353 passphrase on the current terminal with echoing turned off.
355 The default passphrase callback is sometimes inappropriate (for example
356 in a GUI application) so an alternative can be supplied. The callback
357 routine has the following form:
359 int cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u);
361 I<buf> is the buffer to write the passphrase to. I<size> is the maximum
362 length of the passphrase (i.e. the size of buf). I<rwflag> is a flag
363 which is set to 0 when reading and 1 when writing. A typical routine
364 will ask the user to verify the passphrase (for example by prompting
365 for it twice) if I<rwflag> is 1. The I<u> parameter has the same
366 value as the I<u> parameter passed to the PEM routine. It allows
367 arbitrary data to be passed to the callback by the application
368 (for example a window handle in a GUI application). The callback
369 I<must> return the number of characters in the passphrase or -1 if
370 an error occurred. The passphrase can be arbitrary data; in the case where it
371 is a string, it is not NUL terminated. See the L</EXAMPLES> section below.
373 Some implementations may need to use cryptographic algorithms during their
374 operation. If this is the case and I<libctx> and I<propq> parameters have been
375 passed then any algorithm fetches will use that library context and property
376 query string. Otherwise the default library context and property query string
381 The PEM reading functions will skip any extraneous content or PEM data of
382 a different type than they expect. This allows for example having a certificate
383 (or multiple certificates) and a key in the PEM format in a single file.
385 The old B<PrivateKey> write routines are retained for compatibility.
386 New applications should write private keys using the
387 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey() or PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey() routines
388 because they are more secure (they use an iteration count of 2048 whereas
389 the traditional routines use a count of 1) unless compatibility with older
390 versions of OpenSSL is important.
392 The B<PrivateKey> read routines can be used in all applications because
393 they handle all formats transparently.
395 A frequent cause of problems is attempting to use the PEM routines like
400 PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL);
402 this is a bug because an attempt will be made to reuse the data at I<x>
403 which is an uninitialised pointer.
405 These functions make no assumption regarding the pass phrase received from the
407 It will simply be treated as a byte sequence.
409 =head1 PEM ENCRYPTION FORMAT
411 These old B<PrivateKey> routines use a non standard technique for encryption.
413 The private key (or other data) takes the following form:
415 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
416 Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
417 DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,3F17F5316E2BAC89
419 ...base64 encoded data...
420 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
422 The line beginning with I<Proc-Type> contains the version and the
423 protection on the encapsulated data. The line beginning I<DEK-Info>
424 contains two comma separated values: the encryption algorithm name as
425 used by EVP_get_cipherbyname() and an initialization vector used by the
426 cipher encoded as a set of hexadecimal digits. After those two lines is
427 the base64-encoded encrypted data.
429 The encryption key is derived using EVP_BytesToKey(). The cipher's
430 initialization vector is passed to EVP_BytesToKey() as the I<salt>
431 parameter. Internally, B<PKCS5_SALT_LEN> bytes of the salt are used
432 (regardless of the size of the initialization vector). The user's
433 password is passed to EVP_BytesToKey() using the I<data> and I<datal>
434 parameters. Finally, the library uses an iteration count of 1 for
437 The I<key> derived by EVP_BytesToKey() along with the original initialization
438 vector is then used to decrypt the encrypted data. The I<iv> produced by
439 EVP_BytesToKey() is not utilized or needed, and NULL should be passed to
442 The pseudo code to derive the key would look similar to:
444 EVP_CIPHER* cipher = EVP_des_ede3_cbc();
445 EVP_MD* md = EVP_md5();
447 unsigned int nkey = EVP_CIPHER_get_key_length(cipher);
448 unsigned int niv = EVP_CIPHER_get_iv_length(cipher);
449 unsigned char key[nkey];
450 unsigned char iv[niv];
452 memcpy(iv, HexToBin("3F17F5316E2BAC89"), niv);
453 rc = EVP_BytesToKey(cipher, md, iv /*salt*/, pword, plen, 1, key, NULL /*iv*/);
457 /* On success, use key and iv to initialize the cipher */
461 The PEM read routines in some versions of OpenSSL will not correctly reuse
462 an existing structure. Therefore, the following:
464 PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL);
466 where I<x> already contains a valid certificate, may not work, whereas:
469 x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, 0, NULL);
471 is guaranteed to work. It is always acceptable for I<x> to contain a newly
472 allocated, empty B<X509> object (for example allocated via L<X509_new_ex(3)>).
476 The read routines return either a pointer to the structure read or NULL
477 if an error occurred.
479 The write routines return 1 for success or 0 for failure.
483 Although the PEM routines take several arguments in almost all applications
484 most of them are set to 0 or NULL.
486 To read a certificate with a library context in PEM format from a BIO:
488 X509 *x = X509_new_ex(libctx, NULL);
493 if (PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL) == NULL)
496 Read a certificate in PEM format from a BIO:
500 x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, 0, NULL);
508 if (!PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL))
511 Write a certificate to a BIO:
513 if (!PEM_write_bio_X509(bp, x))
516 Write a private key (using traditional format) to a BIO using
517 triple DES encryption, the pass phrase is prompted for:
519 if (!PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey(bp, key, EVP_des_ede3_cbc(), NULL, 0, 0, NULL))
522 Write a private key (using PKCS#8 format) to a BIO using triple
523 DES encryption, using the pass phrase "hello":
525 if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(bp, key, EVP_des_ede3_cbc(),
526 NULL, 0, 0, "hello"))
529 Read a private key from a BIO using a pass phrase callback:
531 key = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bp, NULL, pass_cb, "My Private Key");
535 Skeleton pass phrase callback:
537 int pass_cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u)
540 /* We'd probably do something else if 'rwflag' is 1 */
541 printf("Enter pass phrase for \"%s\"\n", (char *)u);
543 /* get pass phrase, length 'len' into 'tmp' */
545 if (tmp == NULL) /* An error occurred */
548 size_t len = strlen(tmp);
552 memcpy(buf, tmp, len);
558 L<EVP_EncryptInit(3)>, L<EVP_BytesToKey(3)>,
559 L<passphrase-encoding(7)>
563 The old Netscape certificate sequences were no longer documented
564 in OpenSSL 1.1.0; applications should use the PKCS7 standard instead
565 as they will be formally deprecated in a future releases.
567 PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey_ex(), PEM_read_PrivateKey_ex(),
568 PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY_ex(), PEM_read_PUBKEY_ex() and
569 PEM_read_bio_Parameters_ex() were introduced in OpenSSL 3.0.
571 The functions PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey(), PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey(),
572 PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey(), PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(),
573 PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(), PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(),
574 PEM_write_bio_RSAPublicKey(), PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(),
575 PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(), PEM_read_RSA_PUBKEY(),
576 PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(), PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(),
577 PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey(), PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey(),
578 PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey(), PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(),
579 PEM_read_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(), PEM_read_DSA_PUBKEY(),
580 PEM_write_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(), PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY();
581 PEM_read_bio_DSAparams(), PEM_read_DSAparams(),
582 PEM_write_bio_DSAparams(), PEM_write_DSAparams(),
583 PEM_read_bio_DHparams(), PEM_read_DHparams(),
584 PEM_write_bio_DHparams() and PEM_write_DHparams() were deprecated in 3.0.
589 Copyright 2001-2022 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
591 Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use
592 this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
593 in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
594 L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.