Add a nid 2 algorithm name mapping capability

Providers that link against libcrypto can just use OBJ_nid2sn() to look
up the name of an algorithm given a NID. However that doesn't work for the
FIPS provider because OBJ_nid2sn() is not available there (due to the
reliance of the code on ASN.1 types). Therefore we provider a new function
to do this mapping. For providers linking against libcrypto the new function
just wraps OBJ_nid2sn(). For the FIPS provider it has a look up for all the
NIDs known there.

Reviewed-by: Matthias St. Pierre <Matthias.St.Pierre@ncp-e.com>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/9035)