Change type of various DES function arguments from des_cblock

Change type of various DES function arguments from des_cblock
(meaning pointer to char) to des_cblock * (meaning pointer to
array with 8 char elements), which allows the compiler to
do more typechecking.  (The changed argument types were of type
des_cblock * back in SSLeay, and a lot of ugly casts were
used then to turn them into pointers to elements; but it can be
done without those casts.)

Introduce new type const_des_cblock -- before, the pointers rather
than the elements pointed to were declared const, and for
some reason gcc did not complain about this (but some other
compilers did).