Modify providers that keep track of underlying algorithms

Modify providers that keep track of underlying algorithms

With some provider implementations, there are underlying ciphers,
digests and macs.  For some of them, the name was retrieved from the
method, but since the methods do not store those any more, we add
different mechanics.

For code that needs to pass on the name of a cipher or diges via
parameters, we simply locally store the name that was used when
fetching said cipher or digest.  This will ensure that any underlying
code that needs to fetch that same cipher or digest does so with the
exact same name instead of any random name from the set of names
associated with the algorithm.

For code that needs to check what kind of algorithm was passed, we
provide EVP_{type}_is_a(), that returns true if the given method has
the given name as one of its names.

Reviewed-by: Matt Caswell <matt@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/9897)