test/evp_extra_test.c: Refactor test_fromdata()

test/evp_extra_test.c: Refactor test_fromdata()

test_fromdata() turns out to be a bit inflexible, so we split it into
two functions, make_key_fromdata() and test_selection(), and adjust
test_EVP_PKEY_ffc_priv_pub() and test_EC_priv_pub() accordingly.  This
allows us to check the resulting keys further, not only to check that
the bits we expect are there, but also that the bits that we expect
not to be there to actually not be there!

Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tomas@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/16765)