x509_vfy.c: Restore rejection of expired trusted (root) certificate

x509_vfy.c: Restore rejection of expired trusted (root) certificate

The certificate path validation procedure specified in RFC 5280 does not
include checking the validity period of the trusted (root) certificate.
Still it is common good practice to perform this check.
Also OpenSSL did this until version 1.1.1h, yet
commit e2590c3a162eb118c36b09c2168164283aa099b4 accidentally killed it.

The current commit restores the previous behavior.
It also removes the cause of that bug, namely counter-intuitive design
of the internal function check_issued(), which was complicated by checks
that actually belong to some other internal function, namely find_issuer().

Moreover, this commit adds a regression check and proper documentation of
the root cert validity period check feature, which had been missing so far.

Fixes #13471

Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tmraz@fedoraproject.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/13585)