=pod =head1 NAME req - PKCS#10 certificate and certificate generating utility. =head1 SYNOPSIS B B [B<-inform PEM|DER>] [B<-outform PEM|DER>] [B<-in filename>] [B<-passin arg>] [B<-out filename>] [B<-passout arg>] [B<-text>] [B<-noout>] [B<-verify>] [B<-modulus>] [B<-new>] [B<-newkey rsa:bits>] [B<-newkey dsa:file>] [B<-nodes>] [B<-key filename>] [B<-keyform PEM|DER>] [B<-keyout filename>] [B<-[md5|sha1|md2|mdc2]>] [B<-config filename>] [B<-x509>] [B<-days n>] [B<-asn1-kludge>] [B<-newhdr>] [B<-extensions section>] [B<-reqexts section>] =head1 DESCRIPTION The B command primarily creates and processes certificate requests in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self signed certificates for use as root CAs for example. =head1 COMMAND OPTIONS =over 4 =item B<-inform DER|PEM> This specifies the input format. The B option uses an ASN1 DER encoded form compatible with the PKCS#10. The B form is the default format: it consists of the B format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. =item B<-outform DER|PEM> This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the B<-inform> option. =item B<-in filename> This specifies the input filename to read a request from or standard input if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation options (B<-new> and B<-newkey>) are not specified. =item B<-passin arg> the input file password source. For more information about the format of B see the B section in L. =item B<-out filename> This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. =item B<-passout arg> the output file password source. For more information about the format of B see the B section in L. =item B<-text> prints out the certificate request in text form. =item B<-noout> this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request. =item B<-modulus> this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request. =item B<-verify> verifies the signature on the request. =item B<-new> this option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions. If the B<-key> option is not used it will generate a new RSA private key using information specified in the configuration file. =item B<-newkey arg> this option creates a new certificate request and a new private key. The argument takes one of two forms. B, where B is the number of bits, generates an RSA key B in size. B generates a DSA key using the parameters in the file B. =item B<-key filename> This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files. =item B<-keyform PEM|DER> the format of the private key file specified in the B<-key> argument. PEM is the default. =item B<-keyout filename> this gives the filename to write the newly created private key to. If this option is not specified then the filename present in the configuration file is used. =item B<-nodes> if this option is specified then if a private key is created it will not be encrypted. =item B<-[md5|sha1|md2|mdc2]> this specifies the message digest to sign the request with. This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file. This option is ignored for DSA requests: they always use SHA1. =item B<-config filename> this allows an alternative configuration file to be specified, this overrides the compile time filename or any specified in the B environment variable. =item B<-x509> this option outputs a self signed certificate instead of a certificate request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self signed root CA. The extensions added to the certificate (if any) are specified in the configuration file. =item B<-days n> when the B<-x509> option is being used this specifies the number of days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days. =item B<-extensions section> =item B<-reqexts section> these options specify alternative sections to include certificate extensions (if the B<-x509> option is present) or certificate request extensions. This allows several different sections to be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for a variety of purposes. =item B<-asn1-kludge> by default the B command outputs certificate requests containing no attributes in the correct PKCS#10 format. However certain CAs will only accept requests containing no attributes in an invalid form: this option produces this invalid format. More precisely the B in a PKCS#10 certificate request are defined as a B. They are B so if no attributes are present then they should be encoded as an empty B. The invalid form does not include the empty B whereas the correct form does. It should be noted that very few CAs still require the use of this option. =item B<-newhdr> Adds the word B to the PEM file header and footer lines on the outputed request. Some software (Netscape certificate server) and some CAs need this. =back =head1 CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT The configuration options are specified in the B section of the configuration file. As with all configuration files if no value is specified in the specific section (i.e. B) then the initial unnamed or B section is searched too. The options available are described in detail below. =over 4 =item B The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and the output private key file (if one will be created). The command line options B and B override the configuration file values. =item B This specifies the default key size in bits. If not specified then 512 is used. It is used if the B<-new> option is used. It can be overridden by using the B<-newkey> option. =item B This is the default filename to write a private key to. If not specified the key is written to standard output. This can be overridden by the B<-keyout> option. =item B This specifies a file containing additional B. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed by white space and finally the long name. =item B This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by B<=> and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used. =item B This specifies a filename in which random number seed information is placed and read from. It is used for private key generation. =item B If this is set to B then if a private key is generated it is B encrypted. This is equivalent to the B<-nodes> command line option. For compatibility B is an equivalent option. =item B This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Possible values include B. If not present then MD5 is used. This option can be overridden on the command line. =item B This option masks out the use of certain string types in certain fields. Most users will not need to change this option. It can be set to several values B which is also the default option uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings if the B value is used then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will be used. This follows the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459. If the B option is used then only UTF8Strings will be used: this is the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459 after 2003. Finally the B option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has problems with BMPStrings and UTF8Strings: in particular Netscape. =item B this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden by the B<-reqexts> command line switch. =item B this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to certificate generated when the B<-x509> switch is used. It can be overridden by the B<-extensions> command line switch. =item B if set to the value B this disables prompting of certificate fields and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the expected format of the B and B sections. =item B this specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format is the same as B. Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored by OpenSSL's request signing utilities but some CAs might want them. =item B This specifies the section containing the distinguished name fields to prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format is described in the next section. =back =head1 DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute sections. If the B option is set to B then these sections just consist of field names and values: for example, CN=My Name OU=My Organization emailAddress=someone@somewhere.org This allows external programs (e.g. GUI based) to generate a template file with all the field names and values and just pass it to B. An example of this kind of configuration file is contained in the B section. Alternatively if the B option is absent or not set to B then the file contains field prompting information. It consists of lines of the form: fieldName="prompt" fieldName_default="default field value" fieldName_min= 2 fieldName_max= 4 "fieldName" is the field name being used, for example commonName (or CN). The "prompt" string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details. If the user enters nothing then the default value is used if no default value is present then the field is omitted. A field can still be omitted if a default value is present if the user just enters the '.' character. The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString). Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once in a DN. This presents a problem because configuration files will not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem if the fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop they will be ignored. So for example a second organizationName can be input by calling it "1.organizationName". The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName, organizationUnitName, stateOrPrivinceName. Additionally emailAddress is include as well as name, surname, givenName initials and dnQualifier. Additional object identifiers can be defined with the B or B options in the configuration file. Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString. =head1 EXAMPLES Examine and verify certificate request: openssl req -in req.pem -text -verify -noout Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it: openssl genrsa -out key.pem 1024 openssl req -new -key key.pem -out req.pem The same but just using req: openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem Generate a self signed root certificate: openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem Example of a file pointed to by the B option: 1.2.3.4 shortName A longer Name 1.2.3.6 otherName Other longer Name Example of a section pointed to by B making use of variable expansion: testoid1=1.2.3.5 testoid2=${testoid1}.6 Sample configuration file prompting for field values: [ req ] default_bits = 1024 default_keyfile = privkey.pem distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name attributes = req_attributes x509_extensions = v3_ca dirstring_type = nobmp [ req_distinguished_name ] countryName = Country Name (2 letter code) countryName_default = AU countryName_min = 2 countryName_max = 2 localityName = Locality Name (eg, city) organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) commonName_max = 64 emailAddress = Email Address emailAddress_max = 40 [ req_attributes ] challengePassword = A challenge password challengePassword_min = 4 challengePassword_max = 20 [ v3_ca ] subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always basicConstraints = CA:true Sample configuration containing all field values: RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd [ req ] default_bits = 1024 default_keyfile = keyfile.pem distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name attributes = req_attributes prompt = no output_password = mypass [ req_distinguished_name ] C = GB ST = Test State or Province L = Test Locality O = Organization Name OU = Organizational Unit Name CN = Common Name emailAddress = test@email.address [ req_attributes ] challengePassword = A challenge password =head1 NOTES The header and footer lines in the B format are normally: -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST---- -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST---- some software (some versions of Netscape certificate server) instead needs: -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST---- -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST---- which is produced with the B<-newhdr> option but is otherwise compatible. Either form is accepted transparently on input. The certificate requests generated by B with MSIE have extensions added. It includes the B extension which determines the type of key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension. =head1 DIAGNOSTICS The following messages are frequently asked about: Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf Unable to load config info This is followed some time later by... unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config problems making Certificate Request The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of certificates or requests however does need a configuration file. This could be regarded as a bug. Another puzzling message is this: Attributes: a0:00 this is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes the correct empty B structure (the DER encoding of which is 0xa0 0x00). If you just see: Attributes: then the B is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option B<-asn1-kludge> for more information. =head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The variable B if defined allows an alternative configuration file location to be specified, it will be overridden by the B<-config> command line switch if it is present. For compatibility reasons the B environment variable serves the same purpose but its use is discouraged. =head1 BUGS OpenSSL's handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively treats them as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), Netscape and MSIE have similar behaviour. This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings. As a consequence of the T61String handling the only correct way to represent accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape and MSIE then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form. The current prompting is not very friendly. It doesn't allow you to confirm what you've just entered. Other things like extensions in certificate requests are statically defined in the configuration file. Some of these: like an email address in subjectAltName should be input by the user. =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L, L, L =cut