From 7948febeca4c41368067f17ee3eb672df0d7f91a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Richard Levitte Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2000 18:15:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/1] First try at documenting the DES (and other algorithms) modes --- doc/crypto/des_modes.pod | 243 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 243 insertions(+) create mode 100644 doc/crypto/des_modes.pod diff --git a/doc/crypto/des_modes.pod b/doc/crypto/des_modes.pod new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..096a77f4a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/crypto/des_modes.pod @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +=pod + +=head1 NAME + +Modes of DES and other crypto algorithms of OpenSSL + +=head1 DESCRIPTION + +Several crypto algorithms fo OpenSSL can be used in a number of modes. The +following text has been written in large parts by Eric Young in his original +documentation for SSLeay, the predecessor of OpenSSL. In turn, he attributed +it to: + + AS 2805.5.2 + Australian Standard + Electronic funds transfer - Requirements for interfaces, + Part 5.2: Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher algorithm + Appendix A + +=head1 OVERVIEW + +=head2 Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB) + +Normally, this is found as the function I_ecb_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + +=item * + +64 bits are enciphered at a time. + +=item * + +The order of the blocks can be rearranged without detection. + +=item * + +The same plaintext block always produces the same ciphertext block +(for the same key) making it vulnerable to a 'dictionary attack'. + +=item * + +An error will only affect one ciphertext block. + +=back + +=head2 Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC) + +Normally, this is found as the function I_cbc_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + +=item * + +a multiple of 64 bits are enciphered at a time. + +=item * + +The CBC mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same +plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable. + +=item * + +The chaining operation makes the ciphertext blocks dependent on the +current and all preceding plaintext blocks and therefore blocks can not +be rearranged. + +=item * + +The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext +enciphering to the same ciphertext. + +=item * + +An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext blocks. + +=back + +=head2 Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB) + +Normally, this is found as the function I_cfb_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + +=item * + +a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time. + +=item * + +The CFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same +plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable. + +=item * + +The chaining operation makes the ciphertext variables dependent on the +current and all preceding variables and therefore j-bit variables are +chained together and can not be rearranged. + +=item * + +The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext +enciphering to the same ciphertext. + +=item * + +The strength of the CFB mode depends on the size of k (maximal if +j == k). In my implementation this is always the case. + +=item * + +Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through +the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause +greater processing overheads. + +=item * + +Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered. + +=item * + +An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext variables. + +=back + +=head2 Output Feedback Mode (OFB) + +Normally, this is found as the function I_ofb_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + + +=item * + +a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time. + +=item * + +The OFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same +plaintext enciphered using the same key and starting variable. More +over, in the OFB mode the same key stream is produced when the same +key and start variable are used. Consequently, for security reasons +a specific start variable should be used only once for a given key. + +=item * + +The absence of chaining makes the OFB more vulnerable to specific attacks. + +=item * + +The use of different start variables values prevents the same +plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext, by producing different +key streams. + +=item * + +Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through +the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause +greater processing overheads. + +=item * + +Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered. + +=item * + +OFB mode of operation does not extend ciphertext errors in the +resultant plaintext output. Every bit error in the ciphertext causes +only one bit to be in error in the deciphered plaintext. + +=item * + +OFB mode is not self-synchronising. If the two operation of +encipherment and decipherment get out of synchronism, the system needs +to be re-initialised. + +=item * + +Each re-initialisation should use a value of the start variable +different from the start variable values used before with the same +key. The reason for this is that an identical bit stream would be +produced each time from the same parameters. This would be +susceptible to a 'known plaintext' attack. + +=back + +=head2 Triple ECB Mode + +Normally, this is found as the function I_ecb3_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + +=item * + +Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and encrypt with key3 again. + +=item * + +As for ECB encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits. +There are theoretic attacks that can be used that make the effective +key length 112 bits, but this attack also requires 2^56 blocks of +memory, not very likely, even for the NSA. + +=item * + +If both keys are the same it is equivalent to encrypting once with +just one key. + +=item * + +If the first and last key are the same, the key length is 112 bits. +There are attacks that could reduce the key space to 55 bit's but it +requires 2^56 blocks of memory. + +=item * + +If all 3 keys are the same, this is effectively the same as normal +ecb mode. + +=back + +=head2 Triple CBC Mode + +Normally, this is found as the function I_ede3_cbc_encrypt(). + +=over 2 + + +=item * + +Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and then encrypt with key3. + +=item * + +As for CBC encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits with +the same restrictions as for triple ecb mode. + +=back + +=head1 SEE ALSO + +L, L, L, +L -- 2.34.1