From: Richard Levitte <levitte@openssl.org>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2003 16:33:03 +0000 (+0000)
Subject: Make it possible to have multiple active certificates with the same
X-Git-Tag: BEN_FIPS_TEST_1~38^2~176
X-Git-Url: https://git.openssl.org/?p=openssl.git;a=commitdiff_plain;h=f85b68cd4982c28c02070c2e036da1c84cf0e7af

Make it possible to have multiple active certificates with the same
subject.
---

diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES
index 77da6273c4..505ef51880 100644
--- a/CHANGES
+++ b/CHANGES
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@
 
  Changes between 0.9.7a and 0.9.8  [xx XXX xxxx]
 
+  *) Make it possible to have multiple active certificates with the same
+     subject in the CA index file.  This is done only if the keyword
+     'unique_subject' is set to 'no' in the main CA section (default
+     if 'CA_default') of the configuration file.  The value is saved
+     with the database itself in a separate index attribute file,
+     named like the index file with '.attr' appended to the name.
+     [Richard Levitte]
+
   *) Generate muti valued AVAs using '+' notation in config files for
      req and dirName.
      [Steve Henson]
diff --git a/apps/apps.c b/apps/apps.c
index 007e3e06c3..475e47e570 100644
--- a/apps/apps.c
+++ b/apps/apps.c
@@ -1422,3 +1422,445 @@ char *make_config_name()
 
 	return p;
 	}
+
+static unsigned long index_serial_hash(const char **a)
+	{
+	const char *n;
+
+	n=a[DB_serial];
+	while (*n == '0') n++;
+	return(lh_strhash(n));
+	}
+
+static int index_serial_cmp(const char **a, const char **b)
+	{
+	const char *aa,*bb;
+
+	for (aa=a[DB_serial]; *aa == '0'; aa++);
+	for (bb=b[DB_serial]; *bb == '0'; bb++);
+	return(strcmp(aa,bb));
+	}
+
+static int index_name_qual(char **a)
+	{ return(a[0][0] == 'V'); }
+
+static unsigned long index_name_hash(const char **a)
+	{ return(lh_strhash(a[DB_name])); }
+
+int index_name_cmp(const char **a, const char **b)
+	{ return(strcmp(a[DB_name],
+	     b[DB_name])); }
+
+static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial_hash,const char **)
+static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial_cmp,const char **)
+static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name_hash,const char **)
+static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name_cmp,const char **)
+
+#undef BSIZE
+#define BSIZE 256
+
+BIGNUM *load_serial(char *serialfile, int create, ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
+	{
+	BIO *in=NULL;
+	BIGNUM *ret=NULL;
+	MS_STATIC char buf[1024];
+	ASN1_INTEGER *ai=NULL;
+
+	ai=ASN1_INTEGER_new();
+	if (ai == NULL) goto err;
+
+	if ((in=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
+		{
+		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+	if (BIO_read_filename(in,serialfile) <= 0)
+		{
+		if (!create)
+			{
+			perror(serialfile);
+			goto err;
+			}
+		else
+			{
+			ASN1_INTEGER_set(ai,1);
+			ret=BN_new();
+			if (ret == NULL)
+				BIO_printf(bio_err, "Out of memory\n");
+			else
+				BN_one(ret);
+			}
+		}
+	else
+		{
+		if (!a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(in,ai,buf,1024))
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to load number from %s\n",
+				serialfile);
+			goto err;
+			}
+		ret=ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai,NULL);
+		if (ret == NULL)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting number from bin to BIGNUM\n");
+			goto err;
+			}
+		}
+
+	if (ret && retai)
+		{
+		*retai = ai;
+		ai = NULL;
+		}
+ err:
+	if (in != NULL) BIO_free(in);
+	if (ai != NULL) ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
+	return(ret);
+	}
+
+int save_serial(char *serialfile, BIGNUM *serial, ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
+	{
+	BIO *out;
+	int ret=0;
+	ASN1_INTEGER *ai=NULL;
+
+	out=BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
+	if (out == NULL)
+		{
+		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	if (BIO_write_filename(out,serialfile) <= 0)
+		{
+		perror(serialfile);
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+	if ((ai=BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial,NULL)) == NULL)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting serial to ASN.1 format\n");
+		goto err;
+		}
+	i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(out,ai);
+	BIO_puts(out,"\n");
+	ret=1;
+	if (retai)
+		{
+		*retai = ai;
+		ai = NULL;
+		}
+err:
+	if (out != NULL) BIO_free_all(out);
+	if (ai != NULL) ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
+	return(ret);
+	}
+
+CA_DB *load_index(char *dbfile, DB_ATTR *db_attr)
+	{
+	CA_DB *retdb = NULL;
+	TXT_DB *tmpdb = NULL;
+	BIO *in = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
+	CONF *dbattr_conf = NULL;
+	char buf[1][BSIZE];
+	long errorline= -1;
+
+	if (in == NULL)
+		{
+		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	if (BIO_read_filename(in,dbfile) <= 0)
+		{
+		perror(dbfile);
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",dbfile);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	if ((tmpdb = TXT_DB_read(in,DB_NUMBER)) == NULL)
+		{
+		if (tmpdb != NULL) TXT_DB_free(tmpdb);
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s.attr", dbfile);
+#else
+	BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s-attr", dbfile);
+#endif
+	dbattr_conf = NCONF_new(NULL);
+	if (NCONF_load(dbattr_conf,buf[0],&errorline) <= 0)
+		{
+		if (errorline > 0)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,
+				"error on line %ld of db attribute file '%s'\n"
+				,errorline,buf[0]);
+			goto err;
+			}
+		else
+			{
+			NCONF_free(dbattr_conf);
+			dbattr_conf = NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+	if ((retdb = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(CA_DB))) == NULL)
+		{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+	retdb->db = tmpdb;
+	tmpdb = NULL;
+	if (db_attr)
+		retdb->attributes = *db_attr;
+	else
+		{
+		retdb->attributes.unique_subject = 1;
+		}
+
+	if (dbattr_conf)
+		{
+		char *p = NCONF_get_string(dbattr_conf,NULL,"unique_subject");
+		if (p)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG[load_index]: unique_subject = \"%s\"\n", p);
+			switch(*p)
+				{
+			case 'f': /* false */
+			case 'F': /* FALSE */
+			case 'n': /* no */
+			case 'N': /* NO */
+				retdb->attributes.unique_subject = 0;
+				break;
+			case 't': /* true */
+			case 'T': /* TRUE */
+			case 'y': /* yes */
+			case 'Y': /* YES */
+			default:
+				retdb->attributes.unique_subject = 1;
+				break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+ err:
+	if (dbattr_conf) NCONF_free(dbattr_conf);
+	if (tmpdb) TXT_DB_free(tmpdb);
+	if (in) BIO_free_all(in);
+	return retdb;
+	}
+
+int index_index(CA_DB *db)
+	{
+	if (!TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_serial, NULL,
+				LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial_hash),
+				LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial_cmp)))
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,
+		  "error creating serial number index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
+		  			db->db->error,db->db->arg1,db->db->arg2);
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+	if (db->attributes.unique_subject
+		&& !TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_name, index_name_qual,
+			LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name_hash),
+			LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name_cmp)))
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error creating name index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
+			db->db->error,db->db->arg1,db->db->arg2);
+		return 0;
+		}
+	return 1;
+	}
+
+int save_index(char *dbfile, char *suffix, CA_DB *db)
+	{
+	char buf[3][BSIZE];
+	BIO *out = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
+	int j;
+
+	if (out == NULL)
+		{
+		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+	j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(suffix);
+	if (j + 6 >= BSIZE)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"file name too long\n");
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof buf[2], "%s.attr", dbfile);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof buf[2], "%s-attr", dbfile);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, suffix);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s.%s", dbfile, suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s-%s", dbfile, suffix);
+#endif
+	BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: writing \"%s\"\n", buf[0]);
+	if (BIO_write_filename(out,buf[0]) <= 0)
+		{
+		perror(dbfile);
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n", dbfile);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	j=TXT_DB_write(out,db->db);
+	if (j <= 0) goto err;
+			
+	BIO_free(out);
+
+	out = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
+	BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: writing \"%s\"\n", buf[1]);
+	if (BIO_write_filename(out,buf[1]) <= 0)
+		{
+		perror(buf[2]);
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n", buf[2]);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	BIO_printf(out,"unique_subject = %s\n",
+		db->attributes.unique_subject ? "yes" : "no");
+	BIO_free(out);
+
+	return 1;
+ err:
+	return 0;
+	}
+
+int rotate_index(char *dbfile, char *new_suffix, char *old_suffix)
+	{
+	char buf[5][BSIZE];
+	int i,j;
+	struct stat sb;
+
+	i = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(old_suffix);
+	j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(new_suffix);
+	if (i > j) j = i;
+	if (j + 6 >= BSIZE)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"file name too long\n");
+		goto err;
+		}
+
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof buf[4], "%s.attr", dbfile);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof buf[4], "%s-attr", dbfile);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof buf[2], "%s.attr.%s",
+		dbfile, new_suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof buf[2], "%s-attr-%s",
+		dbfile, new_suffix);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s.%s",
+		dbfile, new_suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s-%s",
+		dbfile, new_suffix);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s.%s",
+		dbfile, old_suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s-%s",
+		dbfile, old_suffix);
+#endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof buf[3], "%s.attr.%s",
+		dbfile, old_suffix);
+#else
+	j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof buf[3], "%s-attr-%s",
+		dbfile, old_suffix);
+#endif
+	if (stat(dbfile,&sb) < 0)
+		{
+		if (errno != ENOENT 
+#ifdef ENOTDIR
+			&& errno != ENOTDIR)
+#endif
+			goto err;
+		}
+	else
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: renaming \"%s\" to \"%s\"\n",
+			dbfile, buf[1]);
+		if (rename(dbfile,buf[1]) < 0)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,
+				"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
+				dbfile, buf[1]);
+			perror("reason");
+			goto err;
+			}
+		}
+	BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: renaming \"%s\" to \"%s\"\n",
+		buf[0],dbfile);
+	if (rename(buf[0],dbfile) < 0)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,
+			"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
+			buf[0],dbfile);
+		perror("reason");
+		rename(buf[1],dbfile);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	if (stat(buf[4],&sb) < 0)
+		{
+		if (errno != ENOENT 
+#ifdef ENOTDIR
+			&& errno != ENOTDIR)
+#endif
+			goto err;
+		}
+	else
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: renaming \"%s\" to \"%s\"\n",
+			buf[4],buf[3]);
+		if (rename(buf[4],buf[3]) < 0)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,
+				"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
+				buf[4], buf[3]);
+			perror("reason");
+			rename(dbfile,buf[0]);
+			rename(buf[1],dbfile);
+			goto err;
+			}
+		}
+	BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: renaming \"%s\" to \"%s\"\n",
+		buf[2],buf[4]);
+	if (rename(buf[2],buf[4]) < 0)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,
+			"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
+			buf[2],buf[4]);
+		perror("reason");
+		rename(buf[3],buf[4]);
+		rename(dbfile,buf[0]);
+		rename(buf[1],dbfile);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	return 1;
+ err:
+	return 0;
+	}
+
+void free_index(CA_DB *db)
+	{
+	TXT_DB_free(db->db);
+	OPENSSL_free(db);
+	}
diff --git a/apps/apps.h b/apps/apps.h
index c36b9d2566..974eb4f1c9 100644
--- a/apps/apps.h
+++ b/apps/apps.h
@@ -287,7 +287,37 @@ char *make_config_name(void);
 /* Functions defined in ca.c and also used in ocsp.c */
 int unpack_revinfo(ASN1_TIME **prevtm, int *preason, ASN1_OBJECT **phold,
 			ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME **pinvtm, char *str);
-int make_serial_index(TXT_DB *db);
+
+#define DB_type         0
+#define DB_exp_date     1
+#define DB_rev_date     2
+#define DB_serial       3       /* index - unique */
+#define DB_file         4       
+#define DB_name         5       /* index - unique when active and not disabled */
+#define DB_NUMBER       6
+
+#define DB_TYPE_REV	'R'
+#define DB_TYPE_EXP	'E'
+#define DB_TYPE_VAL	'V'
+
+typedef struct db_attr_st
+	{
+	int unique_subject;
+	} DB_ATTR;
+typedef struct ca_db_st
+	{
+	DB_ATTR attributes;
+	TXT_DB *db;
+	} CA_DB;
+
+BIGNUM *load_serial(char *serialfile, int create, ASN1_INTEGER **retai);
+int save_serial(char *serialfile, BIGNUM *serial, ASN1_INTEGER **retai);
+CA_DB *load_index(char *dbfile, DB_ATTR *dbattr);
+int index_index(CA_DB *db);
+int save_index(char *dbfile, char *suffix, CA_DB *db);
+int rotate_index(char *dbfile, char *new_suffix, char *old_suffix);
+void free_index(CA_DB *db);
+int index_name_cmp(const char **a, const char **b);
 
 X509_NAME *do_subject(char *str, long chtype);
 
diff --git a/apps/ca.c b/apps/ca.c
index 6722c5dbc9..574cdd7fdc 100644
--- a/apps/ca.c
+++ b/apps/ca.c
@@ -143,18 +143,6 @@
 
 #define ENV_DATABASE		"database"
 
-#define DB_type         0
-#define DB_exp_date     1
-#define DB_rev_date     2
-#define DB_serial       3       /* index - unique */
-#define DB_file         4       
-#define DB_name         5       /* index - unique for active */
-#define DB_NUMBER       6
-
-#define DB_TYPE_REV	'R'
-#define DB_TYPE_EXP	'E'
-#define DB_TYPE_VAL	'V'
-
 /* Additional revocation information types */
 
 #define REV_NONE		0	/* No addditional information */
@@ -211,43 +199,36 @@ extern int EF_ALIGNMENT;
 #endif
 
 static void lookup_fail(char *name,char *tag);
-static unsigned long index_serial_hash(const char **a);
-static int index_serial_cmp(const char **a, const char **b);
-static unsigned long index_name_hash(const char **a);
-static int index_name_qual(char **a);
-static int index_name_cmp(const char **a,const char **b);
-static BIGNUM *load_serial(char *serialfile);
-static int save_serial(char *serialfile, BIGNUM *serial);
 static int certify(X509 **xret, char *infile,EVP_PKEY *pkey,X509 *x509,
-		   const EVP_MD *dgst,STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy,TXT_DB *db,
+		   const EVP_MD *dgst,STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy,CA_DB *db,
 		   BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn, char *startdate,
 		   char *enddate, long days, int batch, char *ext_sect, CONF *conf,
 		   int verbose, unsigned long certopt, unsigned long nameopt,
 		   int default_op, int ext_copy);
 static int certify_cert(X509 **xret, char *infile,EVP_PKEY *pkey,X509 *x509,
 			const EVP_MD *dgst,STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy,
-			TXT_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn,
+			CA_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn,
 			char *startdate, char *enddate, long days, int batch,
 			char *ext_sect, CONF *conf,int verbose, unsigned long certopt,
 			unsigned long nameopt, int default_op, int ext_copy,
 			ENGINE *e);
 static int certify_spkac(X509 **xret, char *infile,EVP_PKEY *pkey,X509 *x509,
 			 const EVP_MD *dgst,STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy,
-			 TXT_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial,char *subj, int email_dn,
+			 CA_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial,char *subj, int email_dn,
 			 char *startdate, char *enddate, long days, char *ext_sect,
 			 CONF *conf, int verbose, unsigned long certopt, 
 			 unsigned long nameopt, int default_op, int ext_copy);
 static int fix_data(int nid, int *type);
 static void write_new_certificate(BIO *bp, X509 *x, int output_der, int notext);
 static int do_body(X509 **xret, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509, const EVP_MD *dgst,
-	STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, TXT_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial,char *subj,
+	STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, CA_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial,char *subj,
 	int email_dn, char *startdate, char *enddate, long days, int batch,
        	int verbose, X509_REQ *req, char *ext_sect, CONF *conf,
 	unsigned long certopt, unsigned long nameopt, int default_op,
 	int ext_copy);
-static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, TXT_DB *db, int ext, char *extval);
-static int get_certificate_status(const char *ser_status, TXT_DB *db);
-static int do_updatedb(TXT_DB *db);
+static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, CA_DB *db, int ext, char *extval);
+static int get_certificate_status(const char *ser_status, CA_DB *db);
+static int do_updatedb(CA_DB *db);
 static int check_time_format(char *str);
 char *make_revocation_str(int rev_type, char *rev_arg);
 int make_revoked(X509_REVOKED *rev, char *str);
@@ -259,11 +240,6 @@ static char *section=NULL;
 static int preserve=0;
 static int msie_hack=0;
 
-static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial_hash,const char **)
-static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial_cmp,const char **)
-static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name_hash,const char **)
-static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name_cmp,const char **)
-
 
 int MAIN(int, char **);
 
@@ -320,14 +296,13 @@ int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
 	X509 *x=NULL;
 	BIO *in=NULL,*out=NULL,*Sout=NULL,*Cout=NULL;
 	char *dbfile=NULL;
-	TXT_DB *db=NULL;
+	CA_DB *db=NULL;
 	X509_CRL *crl=NULL;
 	X509_REVOKED *r=NULL;
 	ASN1_TIME *tmptm;
 	ASN1_INTEGER *tmpser;
 	char **pp,*p,*f;
 	int i,j;
-	long l;
 	const EVP_MD *dgst=NULL;
 	STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *attribs=NULL;
 	STACK_OF(X509) *cert_sk=NULL;
@@ -339,6 +314,7 @@ int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
 	char *engine = NULL;
 #endif
 	char *tofree=NULL;
+	DB_ATTR db_attr;
 
 #ifdef EFENCE
 EF_PROTECT_FREE=1;
@@ -659,6 +635,33 @@ bad:
 	if (randfile == NULL)
 		ERR_clear_error();
 	app_RAND_load_file(randfile, bio_err, 0);
+
+	db_attr.unique_subject = 1;
+	p = NCONF_get_string(conf, section, "unique_subject");
+	if (p)
+		{
+		BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: unique_subject = \"%s\"\n", p);
+		switch(*p)
+			{
+		case 'f': /* false */
+		case 'F': /* FALSE */
+		case 'n': /* no */
+		case 'N': /* NO */
+			db_attr.unique_subject = 0;
+			break;
+		case 't': /* true */
+		case 'T': /* TRUE */
+		case 'y': /* yes */
+		case 'Y': /* YES */
+		default:
+			db_attr.unique_subject = 1;
+			break;
+			}
+		}
+	else
+		BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: unique_subject undefined\n", p);
+	BIO_printf(bio_err, "DEBUG: configured unique_subject is %d\n",
+		db_attr.unique_subject);
 	
 	in=BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
 	out=BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
@@ -679,17 +682,10 @@ bad:
 			lookup_fail(section,ENV_DATABASE);
 			goto err;
 			}
-		if (BIO_read_filename(in,dbfile) <= 0)
-			{
-			perror(dbfile);
-			BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",dbfile);
-			goto err;
-			}
-		db=TXT_DB_read(in,DB_NUMBER);
+		db = load_index(dbfile,&db_attr);
 		if (db == NULL) goto err;
 
-		if (!make_serial_index(db))
-			goto err;
+		if (!index_index(db)) goto err;
 
 		if (get_certificate_status(ser_status,db) != 1)
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"Error verifying serial %s!\n",
@@ -849,19 +845,13 @@ bad:
 		lookup_fail(section,ENV_DATABASE);
 		goto err;
 		}
-	if (BIO_read_filename(in,dbfile) <= 0)
-		{
-		perror(dbfile);
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",dbfile);
-		goto err;
-		}
-	db=TXT_DB_read(in,DB_NUMBER);
+	db = load_index(dbfile, &db_attr);
 	if (db == NULL) goto err;
 
 	/* Lets check some fields */
-	for (i=0; i<sk_num(db->data); i++)
+	for (i=0; i<sk_num(db->db->data); i++)
 		{
-		pp=(char **)sk_value(db->data,i);
+		pp=(char **)sk_value(db->db->data,i);
 		if ((pp[DB_type][0] != DB_TYPE_REV) &&
 			(pp[DB_rev_date][0] != '\0'))
 			{
@@ -912,23 +902,13 @@ bad:
 		out = BIO_push(tmpbio, out);
 		}
 #endif
-		TXT_DB_write(out,db);
+		TXT_DB_write(out,db->db);
 		BIO_printf(bio_err,"%d entries loaded from the database\n",
-			db->data->num);
+			db->db->data->num);
 		BIO_printf(bio_err,"generating index\n");
 		}
 	
-	if (!make_serial_index(db))
-		goto err;
-
-	if (!TXT_DB_create_index(db, DB_name, index_name_qual,
-			LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name_hash),
-			LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name_cmp)))
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error creating name index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
-			db->error,db->arg1,db->arg2);
-		goto err;
-		}
+	if (!index_index(db)) goto err;
 
 	/*****************************************************************/
 	/* Update the db file for expired certificates */
@@ -951,62 +931,9 @@ bad:
 			}
 	    	else
 			{
-			out = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
-			if (out == NULL)
-				{
-				ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-				goto err;
-				}
-
-#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s.new", dbfile);
-#else
-			j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof buf[0], "%s-new", dbfile);
-#endif
-			if (j < 0 || j >= sizeof buf[0])
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
-				goto err;
-				}
-			if (BIO_write_filename(out,buf[0]) <= 0)
-		  		{
-		    		perror(dbfile);
-		    		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",
-									dbfile);
-		    		goto err;
-		  		}
-			j=TXT_DB_write(out,db);
-			if (j <= 0) goto err;
-			
-			BIO_free(out);
-			out = NULL;
-#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s.old", dbfile);
-#else
-			j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof buf[1], "%s-old", dbfile);
-#endif
-			if (j < 0 || j >= sizeof buf[1])
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
-				goto err;
-				}
-			if (rename(dbfile,buf[1]) < 0)
-		  		{
-		    		BIO_printf(bio_err,
-						"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
-						dbfile, buf[1]);
-		    		perror("reason");
-		    		goto err;
-		  		}
-			if (rename(buf[0],dbfile) < 0)
-				{
-		    		BIO_printf(bio_err,
-						"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
-						buf[0],dbfile);
-		    		perror("reason");
-		    		rename(buf[1],dbfile);
-		    		goto err;
-		  		}
+			if (!save_index(dbfile,"new",db)) goto err;
+				
+			if (!rotate_index(dbfile,"new","old")) goto err;
 				
 			if (verbose) BIO_printf(bio_err,
 				"Done. %d entries marked as expired\n",i); 
@@ -1167,7 +1094,7 @@ bad:
 			goto err;
 			}
 
-		if ((serial=load_serial(serialfile)) == NULL)
+		if ((serial=load_serial(serialfile, 0, NULL)) == NULL)
 			{
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"error while loading serial number\n");
 			goto err;
@@ -1315,24 +1242,9 @@ bad:
 			strcat(buf[0],".new");
 #endif
 
-			if (!save_serial(buf[0],serial)) goto err;
-
-			strcpy(buf[1],dbfile);
-
-#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			strcat(buf[1],"-new");
-#else
-			strcat(buf[1],".new");
-#endif
+			if (!save_serial(buf[0],serial,NULL)) goto err;
 
-			if (BIO_write_filename(out,buf[1]) <= 0)
-				{
-				perror(dbfile);
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",dbfile);
-				goto err;
-				}
-			l=TXT_DB_write(out,db);
-			if (l <= 0) goto err;
+			if (!save_index(dbfile, "new", db)) goto err;
 			}
 	
 		if (verbose)
@@ -1419,30 +1331,8 @@ bad:
 				goto err;
 				}
 
-			strncpy(buf[2],dbfile,BSIZE-4);
-			buf[2][BSIZE-4]='\0';
-
-#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			strcat(buf[2],"-old");
-#else
-			strcat(buf[2],".old");
-#endif
+			if (!rotate_index(dbfile,"new","old")) goto err;
 
-			if (rename(dbfile,buf[2]) < 0)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
-					dbfile,buf[2]);
-				perror("reason");
-				goto err;
-				}
-			if (rename(buf[1],dbfile) < 0)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to rename %s to %s\n",
-					buf[1],dbfile);
-				perror("reason");
-				rename(buf[2],dbfile);
-				goto err;
-				}
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"Data Base Updated\n");
 			}
 		}
@@ -1501,9 +1391,9 @@ bad:
 
 		ASN1_TIME_free(tmptm);
 
-		for (i=0; i<sk_num(db->data); i++)
+		for (i=0; i<sk_num(db->db->data); i++)
 			{
-			pp=(char **)sk_value(db->data,i);
+			pp=(char **)sk_value(db->db->data,i);
 			if (pp[DB_type][0] == DB_TYPE_REV)
 				{
 				if ((r=X509_REVOKED_new()) == NULL) goto err;
@@ -1592,50 +1482,10 @@ bad:
 			if (j <= 0) goto err;
 			X509_free(revcert);
 
-			if(strlen(dbfile) > BSIZE-5)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"filename too long\n");
-				goto err;
-				}
+			if (!save_index(dbfile, "new", db)) goto err;
+
+			if (!rotate_index(dbfile, "new", "old")) goto err;
 
-			strcpy(buf[0],dbfile);
-#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			strcat(buf[0],".new");
-#else
-			strcat(buf[0],"-new");
-#endif
-			if (BIO_write_filename(out,buf[0]) <= 0)
-				{
-				perror(dbfile);
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to open '%s'\n",dbfile);
-				goto err;
-				}
-			j=TXT_DB_write(out,db);
-			if (j <= 0) goto err;
-			strncpy(buf[1],dbfile,BSIZE-4);
-			buf[1][BSIZE-4]='\0';
-#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
-			strcat(buf[1],".old");
-#else
-			strcat(buf[1],"-old");
-#endif
-			BIO_free(in);
-			in = NULL;
-			BIO_free(out);
-			out = NULL;
-			if (rename(dbfile,buf[1]) < 0)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to rename %s to %s\n", dbfile, buf[1]);
-				perror("reason");
-				goto err;
-				}
-			if (rename(buf[0],dbfile) < 0)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[0],dbfile);
-				perror("reason");
-				rename(buf[1],dbfile);
-				goto err;
-				}
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"Data Base Updated\n"); 
 			}
 		}
@@ -1657,7 +1507,7 @@ err:
 	if (free_key && key)
 		OPENSSL_free(key);
 	BN_free(serial);
-	TXT_DB_free(db);
+	free_index(db);
 	EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
 	X509_free(x509);
 	X509_CRL_free(crl);
@@ -1672,106 +1522,8 @@ static void lookup_fail(char *name, char *tag)
 	BIO_printf(bio_err,"variable lookup failed for %s::%s\n",name,tag);
 	}
 
-static unsigned long index_serial_hash(const char **a)
-	{
-	const char *n;
-
-	n=a[DB_serial];
-	while (*n == '0') n++;
-	return(lh_strhash(n));
-	}
-
-static int index_serial_cmp(const char **a, const char **b)
-	{
-	const char *aa,*bb;
-
-	for (aa=a[DB_serial]; *aa == '0'; aa++);
-	for (bb=b[DB_serial]; *bb == '0'; bb++);
-	return(strcmp(aa,bb));
-	}
-
-static unsigned long index_name_hash(const char **a)
-	{ return(lh_strhash(a[DB_name])); }
-
-static int index_name_qual(char **a)
-	{ return(a[0][0] == 'V'); }
-
-static int index_name_cmp(const char **a, const char **b)
-	{ return(strcmp(a[DB_name],
-	     b[DB_name])); }
-
-static BIGNUM *load_serial(char *serialfile)
-	{
-	BIO *in=NULL;
-	BIGNUM *ret=NULL;
-	MS_STATIC char buf[1024];
-	ASN1_INTEGER *ai=NULL;
-
-	if ((in=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
-		{
-		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-		goto err;
-		}
-
-	if (BIO_read_filename(in,serialfile) <= 0)
-		{
-		perror(serialfile);
-		goto err;
-		}
-	ai=ASN1_INTEGER_new();
-	if (ai == NULL) goto err;
-	if (!a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(in,ai,buf,1024))
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to load number from %s\n",
-			serialfile);
-		goto err;
-		}
-	ret=ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai,NULL);
-	if (ret == NULL)
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting number from bin to BIGNUM\n");
-		goto err;
-		}
-err:
-	if (in != NULL) BIO_free(in);
-	if (ai != NULL) ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
-	return(ret);
-	}
-
-static int save_serial(char *serialfile, BIGNUM *serial)
-	{
-	BIO *out;
-	int ret=0;
-	ASN1_INTEGER *ai=NULL;
-
-	out=BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
-	if (out == NULL)
-		{
-		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-		goto err;
-		}
-	if (BIO_write_filename(out,serialfile) <= 0)
-		{
-		perror(serialfile);
-		goto err;
-		}
-
-	if ((ai=BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial,NULL)) == NULL)
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting serial to ASN.1 format\n");
-		goto err;
-		}
-	i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(out,ai);
-	BIO_puts(out,"\n");
-	ret=1;
-err:
-	if (out != NULL) BIO_free_all(out);
-	if (ai != NULL) ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
-	return(ret);
-	}
-
 static int certify(X509 **xret, char *infile, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509,
-	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, TXT_DB *db,
+	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, CA_DB *db,
 	     BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn, char *startdate, char *enddate,
 	     long days, int batch, char *ext_sect, CONF *lconf, int verbose,
 	     unsigned long certopt, unsigned long nameopt, int default_op,
@@ -1833,7 +1585,7 @@ err:
 	}
 
 static int certify_cert(X509 **xret, char *infile, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509,
-	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, TXT_DB *db,
+	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, CA_DB *db,
 	     BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn, char *startdate, char *enddate,
 	     long days, int batch, char *ext_sect, CONF *lconf, int verbose,
 	     unsigned long certopt, unsigned long nameopt, int default_op,
@@ -1887,7 +1639,7 @@ err:
 	}
 
 static int do_body(X509 **xret, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509, const EVP_MD *dgst,
-	     STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, TXT_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial, char *subj,
+	     STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, CA_DB *db, BIGNUM *serial, char *subj,
 	     int email_dn, char *startdate, char *enddate, long days, int batch,
 	     int verbose, X509_REQ *req, char *ext_sect, CONF *lconf,
 	     unsigned long certopt, unsigned long nameopt, int default_op,
@@ -1905,7 +1657,7 @@ static int do_body(X509 **xret, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509, const EVP_MD *dgst,
 	int ok= -1,i,j,last,nid;
 	char *p;
 	CONF_VALUE *cv;
-	char *row[DB_NUMBER],**rrow,**irow=NULL;
+	char *row[DB_NUMBER],**rrow=NULL,**irow=NULL;
 	char buf[25];
 
 	tmptm=ASN1_UTCTIME_new();
@@ -2142,15 +1894,19 @@ again2:
 		goto err;
 		}
 
-	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db,DB_name,row);
-	if (rrow != NULL)
+	if (db->attributes.unique_subject)
 		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"ERROR:There is already a certificate for %s\n",
-			row[DB_name]);
+		rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db->db,DB_name,row);
+		if (rrow != NULL)
+			{
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,
+				"ERROR:There is already a certificate for %s\n",
+				row[DB_name]);
+			}
 		}
-	else
+	if (rrow == NULL)
 		{
-		rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db,DB_serial,row);
+		rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db->db,DB_serial,row);
 		if (rrow != NULL)
 			{
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"ERROR:Serial number %s has already been issued,\n",
@@ -2384,10 +2140,10 @@ again2:
 		}
 	irow[DB_NUMBER]=NULL;
 
-	if (!TXT_DB_insert(db,irow))
+	if (!TXT_DB_insert(db->db,irow))
 		{
 		BIO_printf(bio_err,"failed to update database\n");
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"TXT_DB error number %ld\n",db->error);
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"TXT_DB error number %ld\n",db->db->error);
 		goto err;
 		}
 	ok=1;
@@ -2438,7 +2194,7 @@ static void write_new_certificate(BIO *bp, X509 *x, int output_der, int notext)
 	}
 
 static int certify_spkac(X509 **xret, char *infile, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *x509,
-	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, TXT_DB *db,
+	     const EVP_MD *dgst, STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *policy, CA_DB *db,
 	     BIGNUM *serial, char *subj, int email_dn, char *startdate, char *enddate,
 	     long days, char *ext_sect, CONF *lconf, int verbose, unsigned long certopt,
 	     unsigned long nameopt, int default_op, int ext_copy)
@@ -2617,7 +2373,7 @@ static int check_time_format(char *str)
 	return(ASN1_UTCTIME_check(&tm));
 	}
 
-static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, TXT_DB *db, int type, char *value)
+static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, CA_DB *db, int type, char *value)
 	{
 	ASN1_UTCTIME *tm=NULL;
 	char *row[DB_NUMBER],**rrow,**irow;
@@ -2642,10 +2398,10 @@ static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, TXT_DB *db, int type, char *value)
 	/* We have to lookup by serial number because name lookup
 	 * skips revoked certs
  	 */
-	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db,DB_serial,row);
+	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db->db,DB_serial,row);
 	if (rrow == NULL)
 		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"Adding Entry to DB for %s\n", row[DB_name]);
+		BIO_printf(bio_err,"Adding Entry with serial number %s to DB for %s\n", row[DB_serial], row[DB_name]);
 
 		/* We now just add it to the database */
 		row[DB_type]=(char *)OPENSSL_malloc(2);
@@ -2685,10 +2441,10 @@ static int do_revoke(X509 *x509, TXT_DB *db, int type, char *value)
 			}
 		irow[DB_NUMBER]=NULL;
 
-		if (!TXT_DB_insert(db,irow))
+		if (!TXT_DB_insert(db->db,irow))
 			{
 			BIO_printf(bio_err,"failed to update database\n");
-			BIO_printf(bio_err,"TXT_DB error number %ld\n",db->error);
+			BIO_printf(bio_err,"TXT_DB error number %ld\n",db->db->error);
 			goto err;
 			}
 
@@ -2733,7 +2489,7 @@ err:
 	return(ok);
 	}
 
-static int get_certificate_status(const char *serial, TXT_DB *db)
+static int get_certificate_status(const char *serial, CA_DB *db)
 	{
 	char *row[DB_NUMBER],**rrow;
 	int ok=-1,i;
@@ -2774,7 +2530,7 @@ static int get_certificate_status(const char *serial, TXT_DB *db)
 	ok=1;
 
 	/* Search for the certificate */
-	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db,DB_serial,row);
+	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db->db,DB_serial,row);
 	if (rrow == NULL)
 		{
 		BIO_printf(bio_err,"Serial %s not present in db.\n",
@@ -2821,7 +2577,7 @@ err:
 	return(ok);
 	}
 
-static int do_updatedb (TXT_DB *db)
+static int do_updatedb (CA_DB *db)
 	{
 	ASN1_UTCTIME	*a_tm = NULL;
 	int i, cnt = 0;
@@ -2847,9 +2603,9 @@ static int do_updatedb (TXT_DB *db)
 	else
 		a_y2k = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < sk_num(db->data); i++)
+	for (i = 0; i < sk_num(db->db->data); i++)
 		{
-		rrow = (char **) sk_value(db->data, i);
+		rrow = (char **) sk_value(db->db->data, i);
 
 		if (rrow[DB_type][0] == 'V')
 		 	{
@@ -3337,16 +3093,3 @@ int unpack_revinfo(ASN1_TIME **prevtm, int *preason, ASN1_OBJECT **phold, ASN1_G
 	return ret;
 	}
 
-int make_serial_index(TXT_DB *db)
-	{
-	if (!TXT_DB_create_index(db, DB_serial, NULL,
-				LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial_hash),
-				LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial_cmp)))
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,
-		  "error creating serial number index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
-		  			db->error,db->arg1,db->arg2);
-			return 0;
-		}
-	return 1;
-	}
diff --git a/apps/ocsp.c b/apps/ocsp.c
index 17e84366d9..885e68e363 100644
--- a/apps/ocsp.c
+++ b/apps/ocsp.c
@@ -68,19 +68,6 @@
 /* Maximum leeway in validity period: default 5 minutes */
 #define MAX_VALIDITY_PERIOD	(5 * 60)
 
-/* CA index.txt definitions */
-#define DB_type         0
-#define DB_exp_date     1
-#define DB_rev_date     2
-#define DB_serial       3       /* index - unique */
-#define DB_file         4       
-#define DB_name         5       /* index - unique for active */
-#define DB_NUMBER       6
-
-#define DB_TYPE_REV	'R'
-#define DB_TYPE_EXP	'E'
-#define DB_TYPE_VAL	'V'
-
 static int add_ocsp_cert(OCSP_REQUEST **req, X509 *cert, X509 *issuer,
 				STACK_OF(OCSP_CERTID) *ids);
 static int add_ocsp_serial(OCSP_REQUEST **req, char *serial, X509 *issuer,
@@ -89,12 +76,12 @@ static int print_ocsp_summary(BIO *out, OCSP_BASICRESP *bs, OCSP_REQUEST *req,
 				STACK *names, STACK_OF(OCSP_CERTID) *ids,
 				long nsec, long maxage);
 
-static int make_ocsp_response(OCSP_RESPONSE **resp, OCSP_REQUEST *req, TXT_DB *db,
+static int make_ocsp_response(OCSP_RESPONSE **resp, OCSP_REQUEST *req, CA_DB *db,
 			X509 *ca, X509 *rcert, EVP_PKEY *rkey,
 			STACK_OF(X509) *rother, unsigned long flags,
 			int nmin, int ndays);
 
-static char **lookup_serial(TXT_DB *db, ASN1_INTEGER *ser);
+static char **lookup_serial(CA_DB *db, ASN1_INTEGER *ser);
 static BIO *init_responder(char *port);
 static int do_responder(OCSP_REQUEST **preq, BIO **pcbio, BIO *acbio, char *port);
 static int send_ocsp_response(BIO *cbio, OCSP_RESPONSE *resp);
@@ -142,7 +129,7 @@ int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
 	X509 *rca_cert = NULL;
 	char *ridx_filename = NULL;
 	char *rca_filename = NULL;
-	TXT_DB *rdb = NULL;
+	CA_DB *rdb = NULL;
 	int nmin = 0, ndays = -1;
 
 	if (bio_err == NULL) bio_err = BIO_new_fp(stderr, BIO_NOCLOSE);
@@ -697,22 +684,9 @@ int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	if (ridx_filename && !rdb)
 		{
-		BIO *db_bio = NULL;
-		db_bio = BIO_new_file(ridx_filename, "r");
-		if (!db_bio)
-			{
-			BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error opening index file %s\n", ridx_filename);
-			goto end;
-			}
-		rdb = TXT_DB_read(db_bio, DB_NUMBER);
-		BIO_free(db_bio);
-		if (!rdb)
-			{
-			BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error reading index file %s\n", ridx_filename);
-			goto end;
-			}
-		if (!make_serial_index(rdb))
-			goto end;
+		rdb = load_index(ridx_filename, NULL);
+		if (!rdb) goto end;
+		if (!index_index(rdb)) goto end;
 		}
 
 	if (rdb)
@@ -894,7 +868,7 @@ end:
 	X509_free(cert);
 	X509_free(rsigner);
 	X509_free(rca_cert);
-	TXT_DB_free(rdb);
+	free_index(rdb);
 	BIO_free_all(cbio);
 	BIO_free_all(acbio);
 	BIO_free(out);
@@ -1036,7 +1010,7 @@ static int print_ocsp_summary(BIO *out, OCSP_BASICRESP *bs, OCSP_REQUEST *req,
 	}
 
 
-static int make_ocsp_response(OCSP_RESPONSE **resp, OCSP_REQUEST *req, TXT_DB *db,
+static int make_ocsp_response(OCSP_RESPONSE **resp, OCSP_REQUEST *req, CA_DB *db,
 			X509 *ca, X509 *rcert, EVP_PKEY *rkey,
 			STACK_OF(X509) *rother, unsigned long flags,
 			int nmin, int ndays)
@@ -1128,7 +1102,7 @@ static int make_ocsp_response(OCSP_RESPONSE **resp, OCSP_REQUEST *req, TXT_DB *d
 
 	}
 
-static char **lookup_serial(TXT_DB *db, ASN1_INTEGER *ser)
+static char **lookup_serial(CA_DB *db, ASN1_INTEGER *ser)
 	{
 	int i;
 	BIGNUM *bn = NULL;
@@ -1141,7 +1115,7 @@ static char **lookup_serial(TXT_DB *db, ASN1_INTEGER *ser)
 		itmp = BN_bn2hex(bn);
 	row[DB_serial] = itmp;
 	BN_free(bn);
-	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db,DB_serial,row);
+	rrow=TXT_DB_get_by_index(db->db,DB_serial,row);
 	OPENSSL_free(itmp);
 	return rrow;
 	}
diff --git a/apps/openssl.cnf b/apps/openssl.cnf
index eca51c3322..2696044cf1 100644
--- a/apps/openssl.cnf
+++ b/apps/openssl.cnf
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ dir		= ./demoCA		# Where everything is kept
 certs		= $dir/certs		# Where the issued certs are kept
 crl_dir		= $dir/crl		# Where the issued crl are kept
 database	= $dir/index.txt	# database index file.
+#unique_subject	= no			# Set to 'no' to allow creation of
+					# several ctificates with same subject.
 new_certs_dir	= $dir/newcerts		# default place for new certs.
 
 certificate	= $dir/cacert.pem 	# The CA certificate
diff --git a/apps/x509.c b/apps/x509.c
index 9a6f981790..64eb83dd6e 100644
--- a/apps/x509.c
+++ b/apps/x509.c
@@ -1034,12 +1034,11 @@ end:
 	OPENSSL_EXIT(ret);
 	}
 
-static ASN1_INTEGER *load_serial(char *CAfile, char *serialfile, int create)
+static ASN1_INTEGER *x509_load_serial(char *CAfile, char *serialfile, int create)
 	{
 	char *buf = NULL, *p;
 	MS_STATIC char buf2[1024];
-	ASN1_INTEGER *bs = NULL, *bs2 = NULL;
-	BIO *io = NULL;
+	ASN1_INTEGER *bs = NULL;
 	BIGNUM *serial = NULL;
 
 	buf=OPENSSL_malloc( ((serialfile == NULL)
@@ -1059,80 +1058,19 @@ static ASN1_INTEGER *load_serial(char *CAfile, char *serialfile, int create)
 		}
 	else
 		strcpy(buf,serialfile);
-	serial=BN_new();
-	bs=ASN1_INTEGER_new();
-	if ((serial == NULL) || (bs == NULL))
-		{
-		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-		goto end;
-		}
 
-	io=BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
-	if (io == NULL)
-		{
-		ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-		goto end;
-		}
-	
-	if (BIO_read_filename(io,buf) <= 0)
-		{
-		if (!create)
-			{
-			perror(buf);
-			goto end;
-			}
-		else
-			{
-			ASN1_INTEGER_set(bs,1);
-			BN_one(serial);
-			}
-		}
-	else 
-		{
-		if (!a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(io,bs,buf2,sizeof buf2))
-			{
-			BIO_printf(bio_err,"unable to load serial number from %s\n",buf);
-			ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
-			goto end;
-			}
-		else
-			{
-			serial=BN_bin2bn(bs->data,bs->length,serial);
-			if (serial == NULL)
-				{
-				BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting bin 2 bn");
-				goto end;
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	serial = load_serial(buf, create, NULL);
+	if (serial == NULL) goto end;
 
 	if (!BN_add_word(serial,1))
 		{ BIO_printf(bio_err,"add_word failure\n"); goto end; }
-	if (!(bs2 = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial, NULL)))
-		{ BIO_printf(bio_err,"error converting bn 2 asn1_integer\n"); goto end; }
-	if (BIO_write_filename(io,buf) <= 0)
-		{
-		BIO_printf(bio_err,"error attempting to write serial number file\n");
-		perror(buf);
-		goto end;
-		}
-	i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(io,bs2);
-	BIO_puts(io,"\n");
 
-	BIO_free(io);
-	if (buf) OPENSSL_free(buf);
-	ASN1_INTEGER_free(bs2);
-	BN_free(serial);
-	io=NULL;
-	return bs;
+	if (!save_serial(buf, serial, &bs)) goto end;
 
-	end:
+ end:
 	if (buf) OPENSSL_free(buf);
-	BIO_free(io);
-	ASN1_INTEGER_free(bs);
 	BN_free(serial);
-	return NULL;
-
+	return bs;
 	}
 
 static int x509_certify(X509_STORE *ctx, char *CAfile, const EVP_MD *digest,
@@ -1154,7 +1092,7 @@ static int x509_certify(X509_STORE *ctx, char *CAfile, const EVP_MD *digest,
 		goto end;
 		}
 	if (sno) bs = sno;
-	else if (!(bs = load_serial(CAfile, serialfile, create)))
+	else if (!(bs = x509_load_serial(CAfile, serialfile, create)))
 		goto end;
 
 	if (!X509_STORE_add_cert(ctx,x)) goto end;