Very preliminary POD format documentation for some

of the openssl utility commands...

diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES
index 68881ef041269f2e68d6f9dd60747a0d4ef289b7..1289d8491df4efda6357e2eaf5b2b39f12f65f9d 100644 (file)
--- a/CHANGES
+++ b/CHANGES
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 
  Changes between 0.9.4 and 0.9.5  [xx XXX 1999]
 
 
  Changes between 0.9.4 and 0.9.5  [xx XXX 1999]
 

+  *) Add a few manpages for some of the openssl commands.
+     [Steve Henson]
+

   *) Fix the -revoke option in ca. It was freeing up memory twice,
      leaking and not finding already revoked certificates.
      [Steve Henson]
   *) Fix the -revoke option in ca. It was freeing up memory twice,
      leaking and not finding already revoked certificates.
      [Steve Henson]

diff --git a/doc/man/README b/doc/man/README
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..e10cf0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/README
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This is *very* preliminiary documentation for some
+of the main commands in the openssl utility. The
+information reflects the way the commands may work
+when OpenSSL 0.9.5 is released. They are subject
+to change though.
+
+The stuff is in POD format and has just been tested
+with pod2man where is looks passable. It may well
+look odd in html or other formats. Feel free to tidy
+up, reformat or convert to a completely different
+format if so desired...

diff --git a/doc/man/asn1parse.pod b/doc/man/asn1parse.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..4e3ecf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/asn1parse.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+asn1parse - ASN.1 parsing tool
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+=item B<openssl> B<asn1parse>
+[B<-inform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-offset number>]
+[B<-length number>]
+[B<-i>]
+[B<-oid filename>]
+[B<-strparse offset>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<asn1parse> command is a diagnostic utility that can parse ASN.1
+structures. It can also be used to extract data from ASN.1 formatted data.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform> B<DER|PEM>
+
+the input format. B<DER> is binary format and B<PEM> (the default) is base64
+encoded.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+the input file, default is standard input
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+output file to place the DER encoded data into. If this
+option is not present then no data will be output. This is most useful when
+combined with the B<-strparse> option.
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+don't ouput the parsed version of the input file.
+
+=item B<-offset number>
+
+starting offset to begin parsing, default is start of file.
+
+=item B<-length number>
+
+number of bytes to parse, default is until end of file.
+
+=item B<-i>
+
+indents the output according to the "depth" of the structures.
+
+=item B<-oid filename>
+
+a file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERs (OIDs). The format of this
+file is described in the NOTES section below.
+
+=item B<-strparse offset>
+
+parse the contents octets of the ASN.1 object starting at B<offset>. This
+option can be used multiple times to "drill down" into a nested structure.
+
+
+=back
+
+=head2 OUTPUT
+
+The output will typically contain lines like this:
+
+  0:d=0  hl=4 l= 681 cons: SEQUENCE          
+
+.....
+
+  229:d=3  hl=3 l= 141 prim: BIT STRING        
+  373:d=2  hl=3 l= 162 cons: cont [ 3 ]        
+  376:d=3  hl=3 l= 159 cons: SEQUENCE          
+  379:d=4  hl=2 l=  29 cons: SEQUENCE          
+  381:d=5  hl=2 l=   3 prim: OBJECT            :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier
+  386:d=5  hl=2 l=  22 prim: OCTET STRING      
+  410:d=4  hl=2 l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE          
+  412:d=5  hl=2 l=   3 prim: OBJECT            :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier
+  417:d=5  hl=2 l= 105 prim: OCTET STRING      
+  524:d=4  hl=2 l=  12 cons: SEQUENCE          
+
+.....
+
+This example is part of a self signed certificate. Each line starts with the
+offset in decimal. B<d=XX> specifies the current depth. The depth is increased
+within the scope of any SET or SEQUENCE. B<hl=XX> gives the header length
+(tag and length octets) of the current type. B<l=XX> gives the length of
+the contents octets.
+
+The B<-i> option can be used to make the output more readable.
+
+Some knowledge of the ASN.1 structure is needed to interpret the output. 
+
+In this example the BIT STRING at offset 229 is the certificate public key.
+The contents octets of this will contain the public key information. This can
+be examined using the option B<-strparse 229> to yield:
+
+    0:d=0  hl=3 l= 137 cons: SEQUENCE          
+    3:d=1  hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER           :E5D21E1F5C8D208EA7A2166C7FAF9F6BDF2059669C60876DDB70840F1A5AAFA59699FE471F379F1DD6A487E7D5409AB6A88D4A9746E24B91D8CF55DB3521015460C8EDE44EE8A4189F7A7BE77D6CD3A9AF2696F486855CF58BF0EDF2B4068058C7A947F52548DDF7E15E96B385F86422BEA9064A3EE9E1158A56E4A6F47E5897
+  135:d=1  hl=2 l=   3 prim: INTEGER           :010001
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+If an OID is not part of OpenSSL's internal table it will be represented in
+numerical form (for example 1.2.3.4). The file passed to the B<-oid> option 
+allows additional OIDs to be included. Each line consists of three columns,
+the first column is the OID in numerical format and should be followed by white
+space. The second column is the "short name" which is a single word followed
+by white space. The final column is the rest of the line and is the
+"long name". B<asn1parse> displays the long name. Example:
+
+C<1.2.3.4      shortName       A long name>
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+There should be options to change the format of input lines. The output of some
+ASN.1 types is not well handled (if at all).
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/ca.pod b/doc/man/ca.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f1b7882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/ca.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+ca - sample minimal CA application
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<ca>
+[B<-verbose>]
+[B<-config filename>]
+[B<-name section>]
+[B<-gencrl>]
+[B<-revoke file>]
+[B<-crldays days>]
+[B<-crlhours hours>]
+[B<-crlexts section>]
+[B<-startdate date>]
+[B<-enddate date>]
+[B<-days arg>]
+[B<-md arg>]
+[B<-policy arg>]
+[B<-keyfile arg>]
+[B<-key arg>]
+[B<-cert file>]
+[B<-in file>]
+[B<-out file>]
+[B<-outdir dir>]
+[B<-infiles>]
+[B<-spkac file>]
+[B<-ss_cert file>]
+[B<-preserveDN>]
+[B<-batch>]
+[B<-msie_hack>]
+[B<-extensions section>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<ca> command is a minimal CA application. It can be used
+to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate
+CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates
+and their status.
+
+The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.
+
+=head1 CA OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-config filename>
+
+specifies the configuration file to use.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+an input filename containing a single certificate request to be
+signed by the CA.
+
+=item B<-ss_cert filename>
+
+a single self signed certificate to be signed by the CA.
+
+=item B<-spkac filename>
+
+a file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge
+and additional field values to be signed by the CA. See the B<NOTES>
+section for information on the required format.
+
+=item B<-infiles>
+
+if present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments
+are assumed to the the names of files containing certificate requests. 
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+the output file to output certificates to. The default is standard
+output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this
+file.
+
+=item B<-outdir directory>
+
+the directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be
+written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with
+".pem" appended.
+
+=item B<-cert>
+
+the CA certificate file.
+
+=item B<-keyfile filename>
+
+the private key to sign requests with.
+
+=item B<-key password>
+
+the password used to encrrypt the private key. Since on some
+systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with
+the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution.
+
+=item B<-verbose>
+
+this prints extra details about the operations being performed.
+
+=item B<-startdate date>
+
+this allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the
+date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
+
+=item B<-enddate date>
+
+this allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the
+date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure).
+
+=item B<-days arg>
+
+the number of days to certify the certificate for.
+
+=item B<-md alg>
+
+the message digest to use. Possible values include md5, sha1 and mdc2.
+This option also applies to CRLs.
+
+=item B<-policy arg>
+
+this option defines the CA "policy" to use. This is a section in
+the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory
+or match the CA certificate. Check out the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
+for more information.
+
+=item B<-msie_hack>
+
+this is a legacy option for compatability with very old versions of
+the IE certificate enrollment control "certenr3". It used UniversalStrings
+for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs
+its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control "Xenroll" does not
+need this option.
+
+=item B<-preserveDN>
+
+this option is also for compatability with the older IE enrollment
+control. It only accepts certificates if their DNs match the
+order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
+
+=item B<-batch>
+
+this sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked
+and all certificates will be certified automatically.
+
+=item B<-extensions section>
+
+the section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
+to be added when a certificate is issued. If no extension section is
+present then a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section
+is present (even if it is empty) then a V3 certificate is created.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 CRL OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-gencrl>
+
+this option generates a CRL based on information in the index file.
+
+=item B<-crldays num>
+
+the number of days before the next CRL is due. That is the days from
+now to place in the CRL nextUpdate field.
+
+=item B<-crlhours num>
+
+the number of hours before the next CRL is due.
+
+=item B<-revoke filename>
+
+a filename containing a certificate to revoke.
+
+=item B<-crlexts section>
+
+the section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to
+include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is
+created, if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is
+empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are
+CRL extensions and B<not> CRL entry extensions.  It should be noted
+that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs. 
+
+=back
+
+=head1 CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS
+
+The options for B<ca> are contained in the B<ca> section of the
+configuration file. Many of these are identical to command line
+options. Where the option is present in the configuration file
+and the command line the command line value is used. Where an
+option is described as mandatory then it must be present in
+the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if
+any) used.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<new_certs_dir>
+
+the same as the B<-outdir> command line option. It specifies
+the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
+
+=item B<certificate>
+
+the same as B<-cert>. It gives the file containing the CA
+certificate. Mandatory.
+
+=item B<private_key>
+
+same as the B<-keyfile> option. The file containing the
+CA private key. Mandatory.
+
+=item B<RANDFILE>
+
+a file used to read and write random number seed information.
+
+=item B<default_days>
+
+the same as the B<-days> option. The number of days to certify
+a certificate for. 
+
+=item B<default_startdate>
+
+the same as the B<-startdate> option. The start date to certify
+a certificate for. If not set the current time is used.
+
+=item B<default_enddate>
+
+the same as the B<-enddate> option. Either this option or
+B<default_days> (or the command line equivalents) must be
+present.
+
+=item B<default_crl_hours default_crl_days>
+
+the same as the B<-crlhours> and the B<-crldays> options. These
+will only be used if neither command line option is present. At
+least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
+
+=item B<default_md>
+
+the same as the B<-md> option. The message digest to use. Mandatory.
+
+=item B<database>
+
+the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present
+though initially it will be empty.
+
+=item B<serialfile>
+
+a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
+This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
+
+=item B<x509_extensions>
+
+the same as B<-extensions>.
+
+=item B<crl_extensions>
+
+the same as B<-crlexts>.
+
+=item B<preserve>
+
+the same as B<-preserveDN>
+
+=item B<msie_hack>
+
+the same as B<-msie_hack>
+
+=item B<policy>
+
+the same as B<-policy>. Mandatory. See the B<POLICY FORMAT> section
+for more information.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 POLICY FORMAT
+
+The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to
+certificate DN fields. If the value is "match" then the field value
+must match the same field in the CA certificate. If the value is
+"supplied" then it must be present. If the value is "optional" then
+it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
+are silently deleted, unless the B<-preserveDN> option is set but
+this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
+
+=head1 SPKAC FORMAT
+
+The input to the B<-spkac> command line option is a Netscape
+signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from
+the B<KEYGEN> tag in an HTML form to create a new private key. 
+It is however possible to create SPKACs using the B<spkac> utility.
+
+The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of
+the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs.
+If you need to include the same component twice then it can be
+preceded by a number and a '.'.
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Note: these examples assume that the B<ca> directory structure is
+already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually
+involves creating a CA certificate and private key with B<req>, a
+serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in
+the relevant directories.
+
+To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA,
+demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The CA
+certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private
+key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be
+created containing for example "01" and the empty index file
+demoCA/index.txt.
+
+
+Sign a certificate request:
+
+openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem
+
+Generate a CRL
+
+openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem
+
+Sign several requests:
+
+openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
+
+Certify a Netscape SPKAC:
+
+openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt
+
+A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity):
+
+ SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
+ CN=Steve Test
+ emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
+ 0.OU=OpenSSL Group
+ 1.OU=Another Group
+
+A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for B<ca>:
+
+ [ ca ]
+ default_ca      = CA_default            # The default ca section
+ 
+ [ CA_default ]
+
+ dir            = ./demoCA              # top dir
+ database       = $dir/index.txt        # index file.
+ new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts         # new certs dir
+ 
+ certificate    = $dir/cacert.pem       # The CA cert
+ serial         = $dir/serial           # serial no file
+ private_key    = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key
+ RANDFILE       = $dir/private/.rand    # random number file
+ 
+ default_days   = 365                   # how long to certify for
+ default_crl_days= 30                   # how long before next CRL
+ default_md     = md5                   # md to use
+
+ policy         = policy_any            # default policy
+
+ [ policy_any ]
+ countryName            = supplied
+ stateOrProvinceName    = optional
+ organizationName       = optional
+ organizationalUnitName = optional
+ commonName             = supplied
+ emailAddress           = optional
+
+=head1 WARNINGS
+
+The B<ca> command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
+
+The B<ca> utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things
+in a CA. It was not supposed be be used as a full blown CA itself:
+nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
+
+The B<ca> command is effectively a single user command: no locking is
+done on the various files and attempts to run more than one B<ca> command
+on the same database can have unpredictable results.
+
+=head1 FILES
+
+Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options,
+configration file entries, environment variables or command line options.
+The values below reflect the default values.
+
+ /usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
+ ./demoCA                       - main CA directory
+ ./demoCA/cacert.pem            - CA certificate
+ ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem     - CA private key
+ ./demoCA/serial                - CA serial number file
+ ./demoCA/serial.old            - CA serial number backup file
+ ./demoCA/index.txt             - CA text database file
+ ./demoCA/index.txt.old         - CA text database backup file
+ ./demoCA/certs                 - certificate output file
+ ./demoCA/.rnd                  - CA random seed information
+
+=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+
+B<OPENSSL_CONF> reflects the location of master configuration file it can
+be overridden by the B<-config> command line option.
+
+=head1 RESTRICTIONS
+
+The text database index file is a critical part of the process and 
+if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible
+to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current
+CRL: however there is no option to do this.
+
+CRL entry extensions cannot currently be created: only CRL extensions
+can be added.
+
+V2 CRL features like delta CRL support and CRL numbers are not currently
+supported.
+
+Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only
+possible to include one SPKAC or self signed certificate.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+The use of an in memory text database can cause problems when large
+numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies
+the database has to be kept in memory.
+
+Certificate request extensions are ignored: some kind of "policy" should
+be included to use certain static extensions and certain extensions
+from the request.
+
+It is not possible to certify two certificates with the same DN: this
+is a side effect of how the text database is indexed and it cannot easily
+be fixed without introducing other problems. Netscape apparently can use
+two certificates with the same DN for separate signing and encryption
+keys.
+
+The B<ca> command really needs rewriting or the required functionality
+exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility
+(perl script or GUI) can handle things properly. The scripts B<CA.sh> and
+B<CA.pl> help a little but not very much.
+
+Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently
+deleted. This does not happen if the B<-preserveDN> option is used but
+the extra fields are not displayed when the user is asked to certify
+a request. The behaviour should be more friendly and configurable.
+
+Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can
+create an empty file.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+req(1), spkac(1), x509(1), CA.pl(1), config(5)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/config.pod b/doc/man/config.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b8d0959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/config.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+config - OpenSSL CONF library configuaration files
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The OpenSSL CONF library can be used to read confiuration files.
+It is used for the OpenSSL master configuration file B<openssl.cnf>
+and in a few other places like B<SPKAC> files and certificate extension
+files for the B<x509> utility.
+
+A configuration file is divided into a number of sections. Each section
+starts with a line B<[ section_name ]> and ends when a new section is
+started or end of file is reached. A section name can consist of
+alphanumeric characters and underscores.
+
+The first section of a configuration file is special and is referred
+to as the B<default> section this is usually unnamed and is from the
+start of file until the first named section. When a name is being looked up
+it is first looked up in a named section (if any) and then the
+default section.
+
+The environment is mapped onto a section called B<ENV>.
+
+Comments can be included by preceding them with the B<#> character
+
+Each section in a configuration file consists of a number of name and
+value pairs of the form B<name=value>
+
+The B<name> string can contain any alphanumeric characters as well as
+a few punctuation symbols such as B<.> B<,> B<;> and B<_>.
+
+The B<value> string consists of the string following the B<=> character
+until end of line with any leading and trailing white space removed.
+
+The value string undergoes variable expansion. This can be done by
+including the form B<$var> or B<${var}>: this will substitute the value
+of the named variable in the current section. It is also possible to
+substitute a value from another section using the syntax B<$section::name>
+or B<${section::name}>. By using the form B<$ENV::name> environement
+variables can be substituted. It is also possible to assign values to
+environment variables by using the name B<ENV::name>, this will work
+if the program looks up environment variables using the B<CONF> library
+instead of calling B<getenv()> directly.
+
+It is possible to escape certain characters by using any kind of quote
+or the B<\> character. By making the last character of a line a B<\>
+a B<value> string can be spread across multiple lines. In addition
+the sequences B<\n>, B<\r>, B<\b> and B<\t> are recognised.
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+If a configuration file attempts to expand a varible that doesn't exist
+then an error is flagged and the file will not load. This can happen
+if an attempt is made to expand an environment variable that doesn't
+exist. For example the default OpenSSL master configuration file used
+the value of B<HOME> which may not be defined on non Unix systems.
+
+This can be worked around by including a B<default> section to provide
+a default value: then if the environment lookup fails the default value
+will be used instead. For this to work properly the default value must
+be defined earlier in the configuration file than the expansion. See
+the B<EXAMPLES> section for an example of how to do this.
+
+If the same variable exists in the same section then all but the last
+value will be silently ignored. In certain circumstances such as with
+DNs the same field may occur multiple times. This is usually worked
+around by ignoring any characters before an initial B<.> e.g.
+
+ 1.OU="My first OU"
+ 2.OU="My Second OU"
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Here is a sample configuration file using some of the features
+mentioned above.
+
+ # This is the default section.
+ 
+ HOME=/temp
+ RANDFILE= ${ENV::HOME}/.rnd
+ configdir=$ENV::HOME/config
+
+ [ section_one ]
+
+ # We are now in section one.
+
+ # Quotes permit leading and trailing whitespace
+ any = " any variable name "
+
+ other = A string that can \
+ cover several lines \
+ by including \\ characters
+
+ message = Hello World\n
+
+ [ section_two ]
+
+ greeting = $section_one::message
+
+This next example shows how to expand environment variables safely.
+
+Suppose you want a variable called B<tmpfile> to refer to a
+temporary filename. The directory it is placed in can determined by
+the the B<TEMP> or B<TMP> environment variables but they may not be
+set to any value at all. If you just include the environment variable
+names and the variable doesn't exist then this will cause an error when
+an attempt is made to load the configuration file. By making use of the
+default section both values can be looked up with B<TEMP> taking 
+priority and B</tmp> used if neither is defined:
+
+ TMP=/tmp
+ # The above value is used if TMP isn't in the environment
+ TEMP=$ENV::TMP
+ # The above value is used if TEMP isn't in the environment
+ tmpfile=${ENV::TEMP}/tmp.filename
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Currently there is no way to include characters using the octal B<\nnn>
+form. Strings are all null terminated so nulls cannot form part of
+the value.
+
+The escaping isn't quite right: if you want to use sequences like B<\n>
+you can't use any quote escaping on the same line.
+
+Files are loaded in a single pass. This means that an variable expansion
+will only work if the variables referenced are defined earlier in the
+file.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+x509(1), req(1), ca(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/dgst.pod b/doc/man/dgst.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..fad0a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/dgst.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+=pod
+=head1 NAME
+
+dgst, md5, md2, sha1, sha, mdc2, ripemd160 - message digests
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+[B<dgst>]
+[B<-md5|-md2|-sha1|-sha|mdc2|-ripemd160>]
+[B<-c>]
+[B<-d>]
+[B<file...>]
+
+[B<md5|md2|sha1|sha|mdc2|ripemd160>]
+[B<-c>]
+[B<-d>]
+[B<file...>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The digest functions print out the message digest of a supplied file or files
+in hexadecimal form.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-c>
+
+print out the digest in two digit groups separated by colons.
+
+=item B<-d>
+
+print out BIO debugging information.
+
+=item B<file...>
+
+file or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is
+used.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+The digest of choice for all new applications is SHA1. Other digests are
+however still widely used.
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/dsa.pod b/doc/man/dsa.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..eab5f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/dsa.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+dsa - DSA key processing
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<dsa>
+[B<-inform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-outform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-des>]
+[B<-des3>]
+[B<-idea>]
+[B<-text>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-modulus>]
+[B<-pubin>]
+[B<-pubout>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<dsa> command processes DSA keys. They can be converted between various
+forms and their components printed out. B<Note> This command uses the
+traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer
+applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the B<pkcs8>
+
+=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the input format. The B<DER> option with a private key uses
+an ASN1 DER encoded form of an ASN.1 SEQUENCE consisting of the values of
+version (currently zero), p, q, g, the public and private key components
+respectively as ASN.1 INTEGERs. When used with a public key it outputs a
+SEQUENCE of the public key component, p, q and g respectively.
+
+The B<PEM> form is the default format: it consists of the B<DER> format base64
+encoded with additional header and footer lines.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
+option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
+prompted for.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
+is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
+prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
+filename.
+
+=item B<-des|-des3|-idea>
+
+These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the 
+IDEA ciphers respectively before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
+If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
+means that using the B<rsa> utility to read in an encrypted key with no
+encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
+setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
+These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+prints out the public, private key components and parameters.
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
+
+=item B<-modulus>
+
+this option prints out the value of the public key component of the key.
+
+=item B<-pubin>
+
+by default a private key is input file with this option a public key is input
+instead.
+
+=item B<-pubout>
+
+by default a private key is output. With this option a public
+key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is
+a public key.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+To remove the pass phrase on a DSA private key:
+
+C<openssl dsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem>
+
+To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
+
+C<openssl dsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem>
+
+To convert a private key from PEM to DER format: 
+
+C<openssl dsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der>
+
+To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
+
+C<openssl dsa -in key.pem -text -noout>
+
+To just output the public part of a private key:
+
+C<openssl dsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem>
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+dsaparam(1), gendsa(1), rsa(1), genrsa(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/dsaparam.pod b/doc/man/dsaparam.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..13a049e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/dsaparam.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+=pod
+=head1 NAME
+
+dsaparam - DSA parameter manipulation and generation
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl dsaparam>
+[B<-inform DER|PEM>]
+[B<-outform DER|PEM>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-text>]
+[B<-C>]
+[B<-rand file:file>]
+[B<-genkey>]
+[B<numbits>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This command is used to manipulate or generate DSA parameter files.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the input format. The B<DER> option uses an ASN1 DER encoded
+form compatible with RFC2459 (PKIX) DSS-Parms that is a SEQUENCE consisting
+of p, q and g respectively. The PEM form is the default format: it consists
+of the B<DER> format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
+this option is not specified. If the B<numbits> parameter is included then
+this option will be ignored.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used
+if this option is not present. The output filename should B<not> be the same
+as the input filename.
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+this option prints out the DSA parameters in human readable form.
+
+=item B<-C>
+
+this option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then
+be loaded by calling the B<get_dsaXXX()> function.
+
+=item B<-genkey>
+
+this option will generate a DSA either using the specified or generated
+parameters.
+
+=item B<-rand file:file>
+
+a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
+generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by B<:>.
+
+=item B<numbits>
+
+this option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size
+B<numbits>. It must be the last option. If this option is included then
+the input file (if any) is ignored.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+DSA parameter generation is a slow process and as a result the same set of
+DSA parameters is often used to generate several distinct keys.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+gendsa(1), dsa(1), genrsa(1), rsa(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/gendsa.pod b/doc/man/gendsa.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b702a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/gendsa.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+gendsa - generate a DSA private key from a set of parameters
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<gendsa>
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-des>]
+[B<-des3>]
+[B<-idea>]
+[B<-rand file:file>]
+[B<paramfile>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<gendsa> command generates a DSA private key from a DSA parameter file
+(which will be typically generated by the B<openssl dsaparam> command).
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-des|-des3|-idea>
+
+These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the 
+IDEA ciphers respectively before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
+If none of these options is specified no encryption is used.
+
+=item B<-rand file:file>
+
+a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
+generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by B<:>.
+
+=item B<paramfile>
+
+This option specifies the DSA parameter file to use. The parameters in this
+file determine the size of the private key. DSA parameters can be generated
+and examined using the B<openssl dsaparam> command.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+DSA key generation is little more than random number generation so it is
+much quicker that RSA key generation for example.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+dsaparam(1), dsa(1), genrsa(1), rsa(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/genrsa.pod b/doc/man/genrsa.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..e88ceb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/genrsa.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+genrsa - generate an RSA private key
+
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<genrsa>
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-des>]
+[B<-des3>]
+[B<-idea>]
+[B<-f4>]
+[B<-3>]
+[B<-rand file:file>]
+[B<numbits>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<genrsa> command generates an RSA private key.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-des|-des3|-idea>
+
+These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the 
+IDEA ciphers respectively before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
+If none of these options is specified no encryption is used.
+
+=item B<-F4|-3>
+
+the public exponent to use, either 65537 or 3. The default is 65537.
+
+=item B<-rand file:file>
+
+a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
+generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by B<:>.
+
+=item B<numbits>
+
+the size of the private key to generate in bits. This must be the last option
+specified. The default is 512.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+RSA private key generation essentially involves the generation of two prime
+numbers. When generating a private key various symbols will be output to
+indicate the progress of the generation. A B<.> represents each number tested.
+A B<+> means a number has passed a single primality test. A newline means that
+the number has passed all the prime tests (currently set to 5 single tests).
+
+Because key generation is a random process the time taken to generate a key
+may vary somewhat.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+A quirk of the prime generation algorithm is that it cannot generate small
+primes. Therefore the number of bits should not be less that 64. For typical
+private keys this will not matter because for security reasons they will
+be much larger (typically 1024 bits).
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+gendsa(1)

diff --git a/doc/man/openssl.pod b/doc/man/openssl.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..c680825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/openssl.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+openssl - OpenSSL command line tool
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl>
+I<command>
+[ I<command_opts> ]
+[ I<command_args> ]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL
+v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related
+cryptography standards required by them.
+
+The B<openssl> program is a command line tool for using the various
+cryptography functions of OpenSSL's B<crypto> library from the shell. 
+It can be used for 
+
+ o  Creation of RSA, DH and DSA key parameters
+ o  Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs 
+ o  Calculation of Message Digests
+ o  Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
+ o  SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
+
+=head1 COMMAND SUMMARY
+
+The B<openssl> program provides a rich variety of commands (I<command> in the
+SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments
+(I<command_opts> and I<command_args> in the SYNOPSIS).
+
+=head2 STANDARD COMMANDS
+
+=over 10
+
+=item B<asn1parse> 
+
+Parse an ASN.1 sequence.
+
+=item B<ca>
+
+Certificate Authority (CA) Management.  
+
+=item B<ciphers>
+
+Cipher Suite Description Determination.
+
+=item B<crl>
+
+Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.
+
+=item B<crl2pkcs7>      
+
+CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.
+
+=item B<dgst>
+
+Message Digest Calculation.
+
+=item B<dh>
+
+Diffie-Hellman Data Management.
+
+=item B<dsa>
+
+DSA Data Management.
+
+=item B<dsaparam>
+
+DSA Parameter Generation.
+
+=item B<enc>            
+
+Encoding with Ciphers.
+
+=item B<errstr>
+
+Error Number to Error String Conversion.
+
+=item B<gendh>
+
+Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters.
+
+=item B<gendsa>
+
+Generation of DSA Parameters.
+
+=item B<genrsa>
+
+Generation of RSA Parameters.
+
+=item B<pkcs7>
+
+PKCS#7 Data Management.
+
+=item B<req>
+
+X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.
+
+=item B<rsa>
+
+RSA Data Management.
+
+=item B<s_client>
+
+This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent
+connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing
+purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but
+internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library.
+
+=item B<s_server>
+
+This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote
+clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides
+only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
+functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library.  It provides both an own command
+line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response
+facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.
+
+=item B<s_time>        
+
+SSL Connection Timer.
+
+=item B<sess_id>
+
+SSL Session Data Management.
+
+=item B<speed>
+
+Algorithm Speed Measurement.
+
+=item B<verify>
+
+X.509 Certificate Verification.
+
+=item B<version>
+
+OpenSSL Version Information.
+
+=item B<x509>           
+
+X.509 Certificate Data Management.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS
+
+=over 10
+
+=item B<md2>
+
+MD2 Digest
+
+=item B<md5>
+
+MD5 Digest
+
+=item B<mdc2>
+
+MDC2 Digest
+
+=item B<rmd160>
+
+RMD-160 Digest
+
+=item B<sha>            
+
+SHA Digest
+
+=item B<sha1>           
+
+SHA-1 Digest
+
+=back
+
+=head2 ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS
+
+=over 10
+
+=item B<base64>
+
+Base64 Encoding
+
+=item B<bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb>
+
+Blowfish Cipher
+
+=item B<cast cast-cbc>
+
+CAST Cipher
+
+=item B<cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb>
+
+CAST5 Cipher
+
+=item B<des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb>
+
+DES Cipher
+
+=item B<des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb>
+
+Triple-DES Cipher
+
+=item B<idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb>
+
+IDEA Cipher
+
+=item B<rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb>
+
+RC2 Cipher
+
+=item B<rc4>
+
+RC4 Cipher
+
+=item B<rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb>
+
+RC5 Cipher
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+crypto(3), ssl(3)
+
+=head1 HISTORY
+
+The openssl(3) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2
+
+=cut
+

diff --git a/doc/man/pkcs8.pod b/doc/man/pkcs8.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..3ec4235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/pkcs8.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key processing tool
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<pkcs8>
+[B<-topk8>]
+[B<-inform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-outform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-noiter>]
+[B<-nocrypt>]
+[B<-nooct>]
+[B<-v2 alg>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<pkcs8> command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
+both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
+format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
+
+=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-topk8>
+
+Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a "traditional" format
+private key will be written. With the B<-topk8> option the situation is
+reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a PKCS#8
+format key.
+
+=item B<-inform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected on input
+then either a B<DER> or B<PEM> encoded version of a PKCS#8 key will be
+expected. Otherwise the B<DER> or B<PEM> format of the "traditional" format
+private key is used.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|NET|PEM>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
+option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
+prompted for.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
+is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
+prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
+filename.
+
+=item B<-des|-des3|-idea>
+
+These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the 
+IDEA ciphers respectively before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
+If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
+means that using the B<rsa> utility to read in an encrypted key with no
+encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
+setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
+These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+prints out the various public or private key components in
+plain text in addition to the encoded version. 
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
+
+=item B<-modulus>
+
+this option prints out the value of the modulus of the key.
+
+=item B<-check>
+
+this option checks the consistency of an RSA private key.
+
+=item B<-pubin>
+
+by default a private key is input file with this option a public key is input
+instead.
+
+=item B<-pubout>
+
+by default a private key is output with this option a public
+key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is
+a public key.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+To remove the pass phrase on an RSA private key:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem>
+
+To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem>
+
+To convert a private key from PEM to DER format: 
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der>
+
+To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -text -noout>
+
+To just output the public part of a private key:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem>
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+It should be possible to read or produce PKCS#8 format encrypted RSA keys:
+at present it isn't.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<pkcs8>, dsa(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/req.pod b/doc/man/req.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..8e4a451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/req.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+req - PKCS#10 certificate and certificate generating utility.
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<req>
+[B<-inform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-outform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-text>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-verify>]
+[B<-modulus>]
+[B<-new>]
+[B<-newkey rsa:bits>]
+[B<-newkey dsa:file>]
+[B<-nodes>]
+[B<-key filename>]
+[B<-keyform PEM|DER>]
+[B<-keyout filename>]
+[B<-[md5|sha1|md2|mdc2]>]
+[B<-config filename>]
+[B<-x509>]
+[B<-days n>]
+[B<-noasn1-kludge>]
+[B<-extensions section>]
+[B<-reqexts section>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<req> command primarily creates and processes certificate requests
+in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self signed certificates
+for use as root CAs for example.
+
+=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the input format. The B<DER> option uses an ASN1 DER encoded
+form compatible with the PKCS#10. The B<PEM> form is the default format: it
+consists of the B<DER> format base64 encoded with additional header and
+footer lines.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|PEM>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read a request from or standard input
+if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation
+options (B<-new> and B<-newkey>) are not specified.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
+default.
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+prints out the certificate request in text form.
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
+
+=item B<-modulus>
+
+this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
+contained in the request.
+
+=item B<-verify>
+
+verifies the signature on the request.
+
+=item B<-new>
+
+this option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt
+the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields
+prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified
+in the configuration file and any requested extensions.
+
+If the B<-key> option is not used it will generate a new RSA private
+key using information specified in the configuration file.
+
+=item B<-newkey arg>
+
+this option creates a new certificate request and a new private
+key. The argument takes one of two forms. B<rsa:nbits>, where
+B<nbits> is the number of bits, generates an RSA key B<nbits>
+in size. B<dsa:filename> generates a DSA key using the parameters
+in the file B<filename>.
+
+=item B<-key filename>
+
+This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also
+accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files.
+
+=item B<-keyform PEM|DER>
+
+the format of the private key file specified in the B<-key>
+argument. PEM is the default.
+
+=item B<-keyout filename>
+
+this gives the filename to write the newly created private key to.
+If this option is not specified then the filename present in the
+configuration file is used.
+
+=item B<-nodes>
+
+if this option is specified then if a private key is created it
+will not be encrypted.
+
+=item B<-[md5|sha1|md2|mdc2]>
+
+this specifies the message digest to sign the request with. This
+overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file.
+This option is ignore for DSA requests: they always use SHA1.
+
+=item B<-config filename>
+
+this allows an alternative configuration file to be specified,
+this overrides the compile time filename or any specified in
+the B<OPENSSL_CONF> environment variable.
+
+=item B<-x509>
+
+this option outputs a self signed certificate instead of a certificate
+request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or
+a self signed root CA. The extensions added to the certificate
+(if any) are specified in the configuration file.
+
+=item B<-days n>
+
+when the B<-x509> option is being used this specifies the number of
+days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days.
+
+=item B<-extensions section>
+=item B<-reqexts section>
+
+these options specify alternative sections to include certificate
+extensions (if the B<-x509> option is present) or certificate
+request extensions. This allows several different sections to
+be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for
+a variety of purposes.
+
+=item B<-asn1-kludge>
+
+by default the B<req> command outputs certificate requests containing
+no attributes in the correct PKCS#10 format. However certain CAs will only
+accept requests containing no attributes in an invalid form: this
+option produces this invalid format.
+
+More precisely the B<Attributes> in a PKCS#10 certificate request
+are defined as a B<SET OF Attribute>. They are B<not OPTIONAL> so
+if no attributes are present then they should be encoded as an
+empty B<SET OF>. The invalid form does not include the empty
+B<SET OF> whereas the correct form does.
+
+It should be noted that very few CAs still require the use of this option.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT
+
+The configuation options are specified in the B<req> section of
+the configuration file. As with all configuration files if no
+value is specified in the specific section (i.e. B<req>) then
+the initial unnamed or B<default> section is searched too.
+
+The options available are described in detail below.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<default_bits>
+
+This specifies the default key size in bits. If not specified then
+512 is used. It is used if the B<-new> option is used. It can be
+overriden by using the B<-newkey> option.
+
+=item B<default_keyfile>
+
+This is the default filename to write a private key to. If not
+specified the key is written to standard output. This can be
+overriden by the B<-keyout> option.
+
+=item B<oid_file>
+
+This specifies a file containing additional B<OBJECT IDENTIFIERS>.
+Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
+object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
+by white space and finally the long name. 
+
+=item B<oid_section>
+
+This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
+object identifiers. Each line should consist of the numerical form
+of the object identifier followed by B<=> and its name. The short
+and long names are the same when this option is used.
+
+=item B<RANDFILE>
+
+This specifies a filename in which random number seed information is
+placed and read from. It is used for private key generation.
+
+=item B<encrypt_rsa_key|encrypt_key>
+
+If this is set to B<no> then if a private key is generated it is
+B<not> encrypted. This is equivalent to the B<-nodes> command line
+option.
+
+=item B<default_md>
+
+This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Possible values
+include B<md5 sha1 mdc2>. If not present then MD5 is used. This
+option can be overridden on the command line.
+
+=item B<dirstring_type>
+
+This option specifies which string types are permissible in a
+B<DirectoryString>. Most users will not need to change this option.
+
+It can be set to several values B<default> which is also the default
+option uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings if the 
+B<pkix> value is used then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will
+be used. This follows the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459. If the
+B<utf8only> option is used then only UTF8Strings will be used: this
+is the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459 after 2003. Finally the B<nobmp>
+option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has
+problems with BMPStrings.
+
+=item B<req_extensions>
+
+this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of
+extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden
+by the B<-reqexts> command line switch.
+
+=item B<x509_extensions>
+
+this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of
+extensions to add to certificate generated when the B<-x509> switch
+is used. It can be overridden by the B<-extensions> command line switch.
+
+=item B<attributes>
+
+this specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format
+is the same as B<distinguished_name> described below. Typically these
+may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are
+currently ignored by OpenSSLs request signing utilities but some CAs might want
+want them.
+
+=item B<distinguished_name>
+
+This specifies the section containing the distiguished name fields to
+prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. This
+consists of lines of the form:
+
+       fieldName="prompt"
+       fieldName_default="default field value"
+       fieldName_min= 2
+       fieldName_max= 4
+
+"fieldName" is the field name being used, for example commonName.
+The "prompt" string is used to ask the user to enter the relvant
+details. If the user enters nothing then the default value is used if no
+default value is present then the field is omitted. A field can
+still be omitted if a default value is present if the user just
+enters the '.' character.
+
+The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and
+fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based
+on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be
+two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString).
+
+Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once
+in a DN. This presents a problem because configuration files will
+not recognise the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem
+if the fieldName contains an some characters followed by a full stop
+they will be ignored. So for example a second organizationName can
+be input by calling it "1.organizationName".
+
+The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or
+long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual
+values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName,
+organizationUnitName, stateOrPrivinceName. Additionally emailAddress
+is include as well as name, surname, givenName initials and dnQualifier
+are supported.
+
+Additional object identifiers can be defined with the B<oid_file> or
+B<oid_section> options in the configuration file. Any additional fields
+will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString.
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Examine and verify certificate request:
+
+openssl req -in req.pem -text -verify -noout
+
+Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it:
+
+openssl genrsa -out key.pem 1024
+openssl req -new -key key.pem -out req.pem
+
+The same but just using req:
+
+openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem
+
+Generate a self signed root certificate:
+
+openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+The header and footer lines in the B<PEM> format contain the words
+B<BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST> and B<END CERTIFICATE REQUEST> some software
+(for example some versions of Netscape certificate server) requires the
+words B<BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST> and B<END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST>
+instead.
+
+The certificate requests generated by B<Xenroll> with MSIE have extensions
+added. It includes the B<keyUsage> extension which determines the type of
+key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered
+by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension.
+
+=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
+
+The following messages are frequently asked about:
+
+       Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf
+       Unable to load config info
+
+This is followed some time later by...
+
+       unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config
+       problems making Certificate Request
+
+The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration
+file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't
+need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of
+certficates or requests however does need a configuration file. This
+could be regarded as a bug.
+
+Another puzzling message is this:
+
+        Attributes:
+            a0:00
+
+this is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes
+the correct empty B<SET OF> structure (the DER encoding of which is 0xa0
+0x00). If you just see:
+
+        Attributes:
+
+then the B<SET OF> is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but
+it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option B<-asn1-kludge>
+for more information.
+
+=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+
+The variable B<OPENSSL_CONF> if defined allows an alternative configuration
+file location to be specified, it will be overridden by the B<-config> command
+line switch if it is present. For compatability reasons the B<SSLEAY_CONF>
+environment variable serves the same purpose but its use is discouraged.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+OpenSSLs handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively
+treats them as ISO-8859-1 (latin 1), Netscape and MSIE have similar behaviour.
+This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in
+PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings.
+
+As a consequence of the T61String handling the only correct way to represent
+accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape
+currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape
+and MSIE then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form.
+
+The current prompting is not very friendly. It exits if you get the strings
+wrong and doesn't allow you to confirm what you've just entered. Other things
+like extensions in certificate requests are statically defined in the configuration
+file. Some of these: like an email address in subjectAltName should be input
+by the user.
+
+There should be a way to have a friendly front end (e.g. perl script or GUI)
+handle all user input and then just feed a "template" file into B<req> which
+then silently creates the request or certificate. This would also shift the
+responsibility for handling such problems as internationalisation of characters
+onto the front end: the template could then just expect valid UTF8 character
+strings for example.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+x509(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1), config(5)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/rsa.pod b/doc/man/rsa.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..d96e579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/rsa.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+rsa - RSA key processing tool
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<rsa>
+[B<-inform PEM|NET|DER>]
+[B<-outform PEM|NET|DER>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-des>]
+[B<-des3>]
+[B<-idea>]
+[B<-text>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-modulus>]
+[B<-check>]
+[B<-pubin>]
+[B<-pubout>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<rsa> command processes RSA keys. They can be converted between various
+forms and their components printed out. B<Note> this command uses the
+traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer
+applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the B<pkcs8>
+utility.
+
+=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform DER|NET|PEM>
+
+This specifies the input format. The B<DER> option uses an ASN1 DER encoded
+form compatible with the PKCS#1 RSAPrivateKey or RSAPublicKey format. The B<PEM>
+form is the default format: it consists of the B<DER> format base64 encoded with
+additional header and footer lines. The B<NET> form is a format compatible
+with older Netscape servers and MS IIS, this uses unsalted RC4 for its
+encryption It is not very secure and so should only be used when necessary.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|NET|PEM>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
+option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
+prompted for.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
+is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
+prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
+filename.
+
+=item B<-des|-des3|-idea>
+
+These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the 
+IDEA ciphers respectively before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
+If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
+means that using the B<rsa> utility to read in an encrypted key with no
+encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
+setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
+These options can only be used with PEM format output files.
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+prints out the various public or private key components in
+plain text in addition to the encoded version. 
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
+
+=item B<-modulus>
+
+this option prints out the value of the modulus of the key.
+
+=item B<-check>
+
+this option checks the consistency of an RSA private key.
+
+=item B<-pubin>
+
+by default a private key is input file with this option a public key is input
+instead.
+
+=item B<-pubout>
+
+by default a private key is output with this option a public
+key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is
+a public key.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+To remove the pass phrase on an RSA private key:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem>
+
+To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem>
+
+To convert a private key from PEM to DER format: 
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der>
+
+To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -text -noout>
+
+To just output the public part of a private key:
+
+C<openssl rsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem>
+
+=head1 CAVEATS
+
+It should be possible to read or produce PKCS#8 format encrypted RSA keys:
+at present it isn't.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+pkcs8(1), dsa(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/version.pod b/doc/man/version.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..453d6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/version.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+=pod
+
+=head 1 NAME
+
+version - print version information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+=item B<openssl version>
+[B<-a>]
+[B<-v>]
+[B<-b>]
+[B<-o>]
+[B<-f>]
+[B<-p>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This command is used to print out version information about OpenSSL.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-a>
+
+all information, this is the same as setting all the other flags.
+
+=item B<-v>
+
+the current OpenSSL version.
+
+=item B<-b>
+
+the date the current version of OpenSSL was built.
+
+=item B<-o>
+
+option information: various options set when the library was built.
+
+=item B<-c>
+
+compilation flags.
+
+=item B<-p>
+
+platform setting.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+The output of B<openssl version -a> would typically be used when sending
+in a bug report.
+
+=cut

diff --git a/doc/man/x509.pod b/doc/man/x509.pod
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..87b0921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/man/x509.pod
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+x509 - Certificate display and signing utility
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+B<openssl> B<x509>
+[B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>]
+[B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>]
+[B<-keyform DER|PEM>]
+[B<-CAform DER|PEM>]
+[B<-CAkeyform DER|PEM>]
+[B<-in filename>]
+[B<-out filename>]
+[B<-serial>]
+[B<-hash>]
+[B<-subject>]
+[B<-issuer>]
+[B<-startdate>]
+[B<-enddate>]
+[B<-purpose>]
+[B<-dates>]
+[B<-modulus>]
+[B<-fingerprint>]
+[B<-alias>]
+[B<-noout>]
+[B<-trustout>]
+[B<-clrtrust>]
+[B<-clrnotrust>]
+[B<-addtrust arg>]
+[B<-addnotrust arg>]
+[B<-setalias arg>]
+[B<-days arg>]
+[B<-signkey filename>]
+[B<-x509toreq>]
+[B<-req>]
+[B<-CA filename>]
+[B<-CAkey filename>]
+[B<-CAcreateserial>]
+[B<-CAserial filename>]
+[B<-text>]
+[B<-C>]
+[B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>]
+[B<-clrext>]
+[B<-extfile filename>]
+[B<-extensions section>]
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The B<x509> command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be
+used to display certificate information, convert certificates to
+various forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit
+certificate trust settings.
+
+Since there are a large number of options they will split up into
+various sections.
+
+
+=head1 INPUT AND OUTPUT OPTIONS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>
+
+This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509
+certificate but this can change if other options such as B<-req> are
+present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate and PEM
+is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and footer lines
+added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now
+obsolete.
+
+=item B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>
+
+This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
+B<-inform> option.
+
+=item B<-in filename>
+
+This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input
+if this option is not specified.
+
+=item B<-out filename>
+
+This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
+default.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 DISPLAY OPTIONS
+
+Note: the B<-alias> and B<-purpose> options are also display options
+but are desribed in the B<TRUST OPTIONS> section.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-text>
+
+prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the
+public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number
+any extensions present and any trust settings.
+
+=item B<-noout>
+
+this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
+
+=item B<-modulus>
+
+this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
+contained in the certificate.
+
+=item B<-serial>
+
+outputs the certificate serial number.
+
+=item B<-hash>
+
+outputs the "hash" of the certificate issuer name. This is used in OpenSSL to
+form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be lookup up by issuer
+name.
+
+=item B<-subject>
+
+outputs the subject name.
+
+=item B<-issuer>
+
+outputs the issuer name.
+
+=item B<-startdate>
+
+prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date.
+
+=item B<-enddate>
+
+prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date.
+
+=item B<-dates>
+
+prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.
+
+=item B<-fingerprint>
+
+prints out the MD5 digest of the whole certificate.
+
+=item B<-C>
+
+this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 TRUST SETTINGS
+
+Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change.
+
+A B<trusted certificate> is an ordinary certificate which has several
+additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
+and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias".
+
+Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
+must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
+locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA
+is then usable for any purpose.
+
+Adding trust settings modifies this behaviour: if a certificate is being 
+verified and one of the certificate chain is marked as trusted for that
+specific purpose then the verify succeeds without looking up any more
+certificates. Similarly if the use is prohibited then the certificate
+is automatically rejected. If a purpose is neither permitted nor prohibited
+then the certificate extensions are checked for consistency with the required
+purpose and the process continues.
+
+If a root CA is reached then it must be marked as trusted for the required
+purpose or the verify fails.
+
+See the description of the B<verify> utility for more information on the
+meaning of trust settings.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-trustout>
+
+this causes B<x509> to output a B<trusted> certificate. An ordinary
+or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary
+certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
+B<-trustout> option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted
+certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified.
+
+=item B<-setalias arg>
+
+sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
+to be reffered to using a nickname for example "Steve's Certificate".
+
+=item B<-alias>
+
+outputs the certificate alias, if any.
+
+=item B<-clrtrust>
+
+clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.
+
+=item B<-clrnotrust>
+
+clears all the prohibited or untrusted uses of the certificate.
+
+=item B<-addtrust arg>
+
+adds a trusted certificate use. Currently acceptable values
+are all (any purpose), sslclient (SSL client use), sslserver
+(SSL server use) email (S/MIME email) and objsign (Object signing).
+
+=item B<-addnotrust arg>
+
+adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the B<-addtrust>
+option.
+
+=item B<-purpose>
+
+this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs
+the results. It checks to see if the certificate can be used as an
+end user or CA certificate for various purposes. Since many commercial
+certificates have invalid extensions it is possible that warnings will
+be output for some certificates. Known problems have work arounds added.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SIGNING OPTIONS
+
+The B<x509> utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it
+can thus behave like a "mini CA".
+
+=over 4
+
+=item B<-signkey filename>
+
+this option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied
+private key. 
+
+If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
+subject name (i.e.  makes it self signed) changes the public key to the
+supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is
+set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined
+by the B<-days> option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless
+the B<-clrext> option is supplied.
+
+If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate
+is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in
+the request.
+
+=item B<-clrext>
+
+delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a
+certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with
+the B<-signkey> or the B<-CA> options). Normally all extensions are
+retained.
+
+=item B<-keyform PEM|DER>
+
+specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in the
+B<-signkey> option.
+
+=item B<-days arg>
+
+specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default
+is 30 days.
+
+=item B<-x509toreq>
+
+converts a certificate into a certificate request. The B<-signkey> option
+is used to pass the required private key.
+
+=item B<-req>
+
+by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
+certificate request is expected instead.
+
+=item B<-CA filename>
+
+specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is
+present B<x509> behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is signed by this
+CA using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name
+of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key.
+
+This option is normally combined with the B<-req> option. Without the
+B<-req> option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.
+
+=item B<-CAkey filename>
+
+sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is
+not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is present in
+the CA certificate file.
+
+=item B<-CAserial filename>
+
+sets the CA serial number file to use.
+
+When the B<-CA> option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
+number specified in a file. This file consist of one line containing
+an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each
+use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.
+
+The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with
+".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is called 
+"mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file called "mycacert.srl".
+
+=item B<-CAcreateserial filename>
+
+with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does not exist:
+it will contain the serial number "01". Normally if the B<-CA> option is
+specified and the serial number file does not exist it is an error.
+
+=item B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>
+
+the digest to sign with. It affects all commands that sign a certificate
+or request.
+
+=item B<-extfile filename>
+
+file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then
+no extensions are added to the certificate.
+
+=item B<-extensions section>
+
+the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not
+specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed
+(default) section or the default section should contain a variable called
+"extensions" which contains the section to use.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Note: in these examples the '\' means the example should be all on one
+line.
+
+Display the contents of a certificate:
+
+       openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text
+
+Displa the certificate serial number:
+
+       openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial
+
+
+Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:
+
+       openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER
+
+Convert a certificate to a certificate request:
+
+       openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem
+
+Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using
+extensions for a CA:
+
+       openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
+               -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem
+
+Sign a certificate request using the CA certifcate above and add user
+certificate extensions:
+
+       openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr \
+               -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial
+
+
+Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its alias to
+"Steve's Class 1 CA"
+
+       openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust sslclient \
+               -alias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+The way DNs are printed is in a "historical SSLeay" format which doesn't
+follow any published standard. It should follow some standard like RFC2253
+or RFC1779 with options to make the stuff more readable.
+
+Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and
+vice versa.
+
+It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the
+wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should
+be checked.
+
+There should be options to explicitly set such things are start and end
+dates rather than an offset from the current time.
+
+The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the B<TRUST SETTINGS>
+is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended behavior rather
+than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will represent reality in
+OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later.
+
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+req(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
+
+=cut