Add EVP_PKEY_public_check_quick.

Add EVP_PKEY_public_check_quick.

Adding the EVP_PKEY_param_check_quick() reminded me that there are also
partial checks for public keys as part of SP800-56A for FFC (DH named safe
prime groups) and ECC. The code was mainly already there and just needed
to be plumbed into the validate methods.

Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tomas@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <pauli@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/14206)