crypto/pkcs7/pk7_smime.c

   1 /* pk7_smime.c */
   2 /* Written by Dr Stephen N Henson (shenson@bigfoot.com) for the OpenSSL
   3  * project.
   4  */
   5 /* ====================================================================
   6  * Copyright (c) 1999-2004 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
   7  *
   8  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   9  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  10  * are met:
  11  *
  12  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  14  *
  15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
  17  *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
  18  *    distribution.
  19  *
  20  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
  21  *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
  22  *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
  23  *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
  24  *
  25  * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
  26  *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
  27  *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
  28  *    licensing@OpenSSL.org.
  29  *
  30  * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
  31  *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
  32  *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
  33  *
  34  * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
  35  *    acknowledgment:
  36  *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
  37  *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
  38  *
  39  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
  40  * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  41  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
  42  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
  43  * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  44  * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
  45  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  46  * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  47  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
  48  * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
  49  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
  50  * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  51  * ====================================================================
  52  *
  53  * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
  54  * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
  55  * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
  56  *
  57  */
  58
  59 /* Simple PKCS#7 processing functions */
  60
  61 #include <stdio.h>
  62 #include "cryptlib.h"
  63 #include <openssl/x509.h>
  64 #include <openssl/x509v3.h>
  65
  66 static int pkcs7_copy_existing_digest(PKCS7 *p7, PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si);
  67
  68 PKCS7 *PKCS7_sign(X509 *signcert, EVP_PKEY *pkey, STACK_OF(X509) *certs,
  69                   BIO *data, int flags)
  70 {
  71         PKCS7 *p7;
  72         int i;
  73
  74         if(!(p7 = PKCS7_new()))
  75                 {
  76                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGN,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
  77                 return NULL;
  78                 }
  79
  80         if (!PKCS7_set_type(p7, NID_pkcs7_signed))
  81                 goto err;
  82
  83         if (!PKCS7_content_new(p7, NID_pkcs7_data))
  84                 goto err;
  85
  86         if (pkey && !PKCS7_sign_add_signer(p7, signcert, pkey, NULL, flags))
  87                 {
  88                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGN,PKCS7_R_PKCS7_ADD_SIGNER_ERROR);
  89                 goto err;
  90                 }
  91
  92         if(!(flags & PKCS7_NOCERTS))
  93                 {
  94                 for(i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(certs); i++)
  95                         {
  96                         if (!PKCS7_add_certificate(p7, sk_X509_value(certs, i)))
  97                                 goto err;
  98                         }
  99                 }
 100
 101         if (flags & (PKCS7_STREAM|PKCS7_PARTIAL))
 102                 return p7;
 103
 104         if (PKCS7_final(p7, data, flags))
 105                 return p7;
 106
 107         err:
 108         PKCS7_free(p7);
 109         return NULL;
 110 }
 111
 112 int PKCS7_final(PKCS7 *p7, BIO *data, int flags)
 113         {
 114         BIO *p7bio;
 115         int ret = 0;
 116         if (!(p7bio = PKCS7_dataInit(p7, NULL)))
 117                 {
 118                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_FINAL,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 119                 return 0;
 120                 }
 121
 122         SMIME_crlf_copy(data, p7bio, flags);
 123
 124         BIO_flush(p7bio);
 125
 126         if(PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7) && (flags & PKCS7_DETACHED))
 127                 PKCS7_set_detached(p7, 1);
 128
 129         if (!PKCS7_dataFinal(p7,p7bio))
 130                 {
 131                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_FINAL,PKCS7_R_PKCS7_DATASIGN);
 132                 goto err;
 133                 }
 134
 135         ret = 1;
 136
 137         err:
 138         BIO_free_all(p7bio);
 139
 140         return ret;
 141
 142         }
 143
 144 /* Check to see if a cipher exists and if so add S/MIME capabilities */
 145
 146 static int add_cipher_smcap(STACK_OF(X509_ALGOR) *sk, int nid, int arg)
 147         {
 148         if (EVP_get_cipherbynid(nid))
 149                 return PKCS7_simple_smimecap(sk, nid, arg);
 150         return 1;
 151         }
 152
 153 PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *PKCS7_sign_add_signer(PKCS7 *p7, X509 *signcert,
 154                                         EVP_PKEY *pkey, const EVP_MD *md,
 155                                         int flags)
 156         {
 157         PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si = NULL;
 158         int si_free = 1;
 159         STACK_OF(X509_ALGOR) *smcap = NULL;
 160         if(!X509_check_private_key(signcert, pkey))
 161                 {
 162                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGN_ADD_SIGNER,
 163                         PKCS7_R_PRIVATE_KEY_DOES_NOT_MATCH_CERTIFICATE);
 164                 return NULL;
 165                 }
 166
 167         if (!(si = PKCS7_add_signature(p7,signcert,pkey, md)))
 168                 {
 169                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGN_ADD_SIGNER,
 170                                 PKCS7_R_PKCS7_ADD_SIGNATURE_ERROR);
 171                 return NULL;
 172                 }
 173
 174         /* si is now part of p7 so don't free it on error */
 175
 176         si_free = 0;
 177
 178         if(!(flags & PKCS7_NOCERTS))
 179                 {
 180                 if (!PKCS7_add_certificate(p7, signcert))
 181                         goto err;
 182                 }
 183
 184         if(!(flags & PKCS7_NOATTR))
 185                 {
 186                 if (!PKCS7_add_attrib_content_type(si, NULL))
 187                         goto err;
 188                 /* Add SMIMECapabilities */
 189                 if(!(flags & PKCS7_NOSMIMECAP))
 190                         {
 191                         if(!(smcap = sk_X509_ALGOR_new_null()))
 192                                 {
 193                                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGN_ADD_SIGNER,
 194                                         ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 195                                 goto err;
 196                                 }
 197                         if (!add_cipher_smcap(smcap, NID_des_ede3_cbc, -1)
 198                                 || !add_cipher_smcap(smcap, NID_rc2_cbc, 128)
 199                                 || !add_cipher_smcap(smcap, NID_rc2_cbc, 64)
 200                                 || !add_cipher_smcap(smcap, NID_des_cbc, -1)
 201                                 || !add_cipher_smcap(smcap, NID_rc2_cbc, 40)
 202                                 || !PKCS7_add_attrib_smimecap (si, smcap))
 203                                 goto err;
 204                         sk_X509_ALGOR_pop_free(smcap, X509_ALGOR_free);
 205                         smcap = NULL;
 206                         }
 207                 if (flags & PKCS7_REUSE_DIGEST)
 208                         {
 209                         if (!pkcs7_copy_existing_digest(p7, si))
 210                                 goto err;
 211                         if (!PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_sign(si))
 212                                 goto err;
 213                         }
 214                 }
 215         return si;
 216         err:
 217         if (smcap)
 218                 sk_X509_ALGOR_pop_free(smcap, X509_ALGOR_free);
 219         if (si && si_free)
 220                 PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_free(si);
 221         return NULL;
 222         }
 223
 224 /* Search for a digest matching SignerInfo digest type and if found
 225  * copy across.
 226  */
 227
 228 static int pkcs7_copy_existing_digest(PKCS7 *p7, PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si)
 229         {
 230         int i;
 231         STACK_OF(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO) *sinfos;
 232         PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *sitmp;
 233         ASN1_OCTET_STRING *osdig = NULL;
 234         sinfos = PKCS7_get_signer_info(p7);
 235         for (i = 0; i < sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sinfos); i++)
 236                 {
 237                 sitmp = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(sinfos, i);
 238                 if (si == sitmp)
 239                         break;
 240                 if (sk_X509_ATTRIBUTE_num(sitmp->auth_attr) <= 0)
 241                         continue;
 242                 if (!OBJ_cmp(si->digest_alg->algorithm,
 243                                 sitmp->digest_alg->algorithm))
 244                         {
 245                         osdig = PKCS7_digest_from_attributes(sitmp->auth_attr);
 246                         break;
 247                         }
 248
 249                 }
 250
 251         if (osdig)
 252                 return PKCS7_add1_attrib_digest(si, osdig->data, osdig->length);
 253
 254         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_COPY_EXISTING_DIGEST,
 255                         PKCS7_R_NO_MATCHING_DIGEST_TYPE_FOUND);
 256         return 0;
 257         }
 258
 259 int PKCS7_verify(PKCS7 *p7, STACK_OF(X509) *certs, X509_STORE *store,
 260                                         BIO *indata, BIO *out, int flags)
 261 {
 262         STACK_OF(X509) *signers;
 263         X509 *signer;
 264         STACK_OF(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO) *sinfos;
 265         PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si;
 266         X509_STORE_CTX cert_ctx;
 267         char buf[4096];
 268         int i, j=0, k, ret = 0;
 269         BIO *p7bio;
 270         BIO *tmpin, *tmpout;
 271
 272         if(!p7) {
 273                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_INVALID_NULL_POINTER);
 274                 return 0;
 275         }
 276
 277         if(!PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7)) {
 278                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_WRONG_CONTENT_TYPE);
 279                 return 0;
 280         }
 281
 282         /* Check for no data and no content: no data to verify signature */
 283         if(PKCS7_get_detached(p7) && !indata) {
 284                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_NO_CONTENT);
 285                 return 0;
 286         }
 287 #if 0
 288         /* NB: this test commented out because some versions of Netscape
 289          * illegally include zero length content when signing data.
 290          */
 291
 292         /* Check for data and content: two sets of data */
 293         if(!PKCS7_get_detached(p7) && indata) {
 294                                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_CONTENT_AND_DATA_PRESENT);
 295                 return 0;
 296         }
 297 #endif
 298
 299         sinfos = PKCS7_get_signer_info(p7);
 300
 301         if(!sinfos || !sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sinfos)) {
 302                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_NO_SIGNATURES_ON_DATA);
 303                 return 0;
 304         }
 305
 306
 307         signers = PKCS7_get0_signers(p7, certs, flags);
 308
 309         if(!signers) return 0;
 310
 311         /* Now verify the certificates */
 312
 313         if (!(flags & PKCS7_NOVERIFY)) for (k = 0; k < sk_X509_num(signers); k++) {
 314                 signer = sk_X509_value (signers, k);
 315                 if (!(flags & PKCS7_NOCHAIN)) {
 316                         if(!X509_STORE_CTX_init(&cert_ctx, store, signer,
 317                                                         p7->d.sign->cert))
 318                                 {
 319                                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,ERR_R_X509_LIB);
 320                                 sk_X509_free(signers);
 321                                 return 0;
 322                                 }
 323                         X509_STORE_CTX_set_purpose(&cert_ctx,
 324                                                 X509_PURPOSE_SMIME_SIGN);
 325                 } else if(!X509_STORE_CTX_init (&cert_ctx, store, signer, NULL)) {
 326                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,ERR_R_X509_LIB);
 327                         sk_X509_free(signers);
 328                         return 0;
 329                 }
 330                 if (!(flags & PKCS7_NOCRL))
 331                         X509_STORE_CTX_set0_crls(&cert_ctx, p7->d.sign->crl);
 332                 i = X509_verify_cert(&cert_ctx);
 333                 if (i <= 0) j = X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(&cert_ctx);
 334                 X509_STORE_CTX_cleanup(&cert_ctx);
 335                 if (i <= 0) {
 336                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_ERROR);
 337                         ERR_add_error_data(2, "Verify error:",
 338                                          X509_verify_cert_error_string(j));
 339                         sk_X509_free(signers);
 340                         return 0;
 341                 }
 342                 /* Check for revocation status here */
 343         }
 344
 345         /* Performance optimization: if the content is a memory BIO then
 346          * store its contents in a temporary read only memory BIO. This
 347          * avoids potentially large numbers of slow copies of data which will
 348          * occur when reading from a read write memory BIO when signatures
 349          * are calculated.
 350          */
 351
 352         if (indata && (BIO_method_type(indata) == BIO_TYPE_MEM))
 353                 {
 354                 char *ptr;
 355                 long len;
 356                 len = BIO_get_mem_data(indata, &ptr);
 357                 tmpin = BIO_new_mem_buf(ptr, len);
 358                 if (tmpin == NULL)
 359                         {
 360                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 361                         return 0;
 362                         }
 363                 }
 364         else
 365                 tmpin = indata;
 366
 367
 368         p7bio=PKCS7_dataInit(p7,tmpin);
 369
 370         if(flags & PKCS7_TEXT) {
 371                 if(!(tmpout = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()))) {
 372                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 373                         goto err;
 374                 }
 375         } else tmpout = out;
 376
 377         /* We now have to 'read' from p7bio to calculate digests etc. */
 378         for (;;)
 379         {
 380                 i=BIO_read(p7bio,buf,sizeof(buf));
 381                 if (i <= 0) break;
 382                 if (tmpout) BIO_write(tmpout, buf, i);
 383         }
 384
 385         if(flags & PKCS7_TEXT) {
 386                 if(!SMIME_text(tmpout, out)) {
 387                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_SMIME_TEXT_ERROR);
 388                         BIO_free(tmpout);
 389                         goto err;
 390                 }
 391                 BIO_free(tmpout);
 392         }
 393
 394         /* Now Verify All Signatures */
 395         if (!(flags & PKCS7_NOSIGS))
 396             for (i=0; i<sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sinfos); i++)
 397                 {
 398                 si=sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(sinfos,i);
 399                 signer = sk_X509_value (signers, i);
 400                 j=PKCS7_signatureVerify(p7bio,p7,si, signer);
 401                 if (j <= 0) {
 402                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_VERIFY,PKCS7_R_SIGNATURE_FAILURE);
 403                         goto err;
 404                 }
 405         }
 406
 407         ret = 1;
 408
 409         err:
 410
 411         if (tmpin == indata)
 412                 {
 413                 if (indata) BIO_pop(p7bio);
 414                 }
 415         BIO_free_all(p7bio);
 416
 417         sk_X509_free(signers);
 418
 419         return ret;
 420 }
 421
 422 STACK_OF(X509) *PKCS7_get0_signers(PKCS7 *p7, STACK_OF(X509) *certs, int flags)
 423 {
 424         STACK_OF(X509) *signers;
 425         STACK_OF(PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO) *sinfos;
 426         PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si;
 427         PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL *ias;
 428         X509 *signer;
 429         int i;
 430
 431         if(!p7) {
 432                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_GET0_SIGNERS,PKCS7_R_INVALID_NULL_POINTER);
 433                 return NULL;
 434         }
 435
 436         if(!PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7)) {
 437                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_GET0_SIGNERS,PKCS7_R_WRONG_CONTENT_TYPE);
 438                 return NULL;
 439         }
 440
 441         /* Collect all the signers together */
 442
 443         sinfos = PKCS7_get_signer_info(p7);
 444
 445         if(sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sinfos) <= 0) {
 446                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_GET0_SIGNERS,PKCS7_R_NO_SIGNERS);
 447                 return 0;
 448         }
 449
 450         if(!(signers = sk_X509_new_null())) {
 451                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_GET0_SIGNERS,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 452                 return NULL;
 453         }
 454
 455         for (i = 0; i < sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_num(sinfos); i++)
 456         {
 457             si = sk_PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO_value(sinfos, i);
 458             ias = si->issuer_and_serial;
 459             signer = NULL;
 460                 /* If any certificates passed they take priority */
 461             if (certs) signer = X509_find_by_issuer_and_serial (certs,
 462                                                 ias->issuer, ias->serial);
 463             if (!signer && !(flags & PKCS7_NOINTERN)
 464                         && p7->d.sign->cert) signer =
 465                               X509_find_by_issuer_and_serial (p7->d.sign->cert,
 466                                                 ias->issuer, ias->serial);
 467             if (!signer) {
 468                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_GET0_SIGNERS,PKCS7_R_SIGNER_CERTIFICATE_NOT_FOUND);
 469                         sk_X509_free(signers);
 470                         return 0;
 471             }
 472
 473             sk_X509_push(signers, signer);
 474         }
 475         return signers;
 476 }
 477
 478
 479 /* Build a complete PKCS#7 enveloped data */
 480
 481 PKCS7 *PKCS7_encrypt(STACK_OF(X509) *certs, BIO *in, const EVP_CIPHER *cipher,
 482                                                                 int flags)
 483 {
 484         PKCS7 *p7;
 485         BIO *p7bio = NULL;
 486         int i;
 487         X509 *x509;
 488         if(!(p7 = PKCS7_new())) {
 489                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_ENCRYPT,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 490                 return NULL;
 491         }
 492
 493         PKCS7_set_type(p7, NID_pkcs7_enveloped);
 494         if(!PKCS7_set_cipher(p7, cipher)) {
 495                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_ENCRYPT,PKCS7_R_ERROR_SETTING_CIPHER);
 496                 goto err;
 497         }
 498
 499         for(i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(certs); i++) {
 500                 x509 = sk_X509_value(certs, i);
 501                 if(!PKCS7_add_recipient(p7, x509)) {
 502                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_ENCRYPT,
 503                                         PKCS7_R_ERROR_ADDING_RECIPIENT);
 504                         goto err;
 505                 }
 506         }
 507
 508         if (PKCS7_final(p7, in, flags))
 509                 return p7;
 510
 511         err:
 512
 513         BIO_free(p7bio);
 514         PKCS7_free(p7);
 515         return NULL;
 516
 517 }
 518
 519 int PKCS7_decrypt(PKCS7 *p7, EVP_PKEY *pkey, X509 *cert, BIO *data, int flags)
 520 {
 521         BIO *tmpmem;
 522         int ret, i;
 523         char buf[4096];
 524
 525         if(!p7) {
 526                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT,PKCS7_R_INVALID_NULL_POINTER);
 527                 return 0;
 528         }
 529
 530         if(!PKCS7_type_is_enveloped(p7)) {
 531                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT,PKCS7_R_WRONG_CONTENT_TYPE);
 532                 return 0;
 533         }
 534
 535         if(cert && !X509_check_private_key(cert, pkey)) {
 536                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT,
 537                                 PKCS7_R_PRIVATE_KEY_DOES_NOT_MATCH_CERTIFICATE);
 538                 return 0;
 539         }
 540
 541         if(!(tmpmem = PKCS7_dataDecode(p7, pkey, NULL, cert))) {
 542                 PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT, PKCS7_R_DECRYPT_ERROR);
 543                 return 0;
 544         }
 545
 546         if (flags & PKCS7_TEXT) {
 547                 BIO *tmpbuf, *bread;
 548                 /* Encrypt BIOs can't do BIO_gets() so add a buffer BIO */
 549                 if(!(tmpbuf = BIO_new(BIO_f_buffer()))) {
 550                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 551                         return 0;
 552                 }
 553                 if(!(bread = BIO_push(tmpbuf, tmpmem))) {
 554                         PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_DECRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
 555                         return 0;
 556                 }
 557                 ret = SMIME_text(bread, data);
 558                 BIO_free_all(bread);
 559                 return ret;
 560         } else {
 561                 for(;;) {
 562                         i = BIO_read(tmpmem, buf, sizeof(buf));
 563                         if(i <= 0) break;
 564                         BIO_write(data, buf, i);
 565                 }
 566                 BIO_free_all(tmpmem);
 567                 return 1;
 568         }
 569 }